Comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the THREE questions that follow.
What I call fast political thinking is driven by simplified moral frames. These moral frames give us the sense that those who agree with us have the right answer, while those who disagree are unreasonable, or worse. 
Each moral frame sets up an axis of favorable and unfavorable. Progressives use the oppressoroppressed axis. Progressives view most favorably those groups that can be regarded as oppressed or standing with the oppressed, and they view most unfavorably those groups that can be regarded as oppressors. Conservatives use the civilization-barbarism axis. Conservatives view most favorably the institutions that they believe constrain and guide people toward civilized behavior, and they view most unfavorably those people who they see as trying to tear down such institutions. Libertarians use the liberty-coercion axis. Libertarians view most favorably those people who defer to decisions that are made on the basis of personal choice and voluntary agreement, and they view most unfavorably those people who favor government interventions that restrict personal choice. 
If you have a dominant axis, I suggest that you try to learn the languages spoken by those who use the other axes. Don’t worry—learning other languages won’t make it easy for others to convert you to their point of view. By the same token, it will not make it easy to convert others to your point of view. However, you may become aware of assumptions your side makes that others might legitimately question.
What learning the other languages can do is enable you to understand how others think about political issues. Instead of resorting to the theory that people with other views are crazy or stupid or evil, you may concede that they have a coherent point of view. In fact, their point of view could be just as coherent as yours. The problem is that those people apply their point of view in circumstances where you are fairly sure that it is not really appropriate. Consider that there may be situations in which one frame describes the problem much better than the others. For example, I believe that the civil rights movement in the United States is best described using the progressive heuristic of the oppressed and the oppressor. In the 1950s and the early 1960s, the people who had the right model were the people who were fighting for black Americans to have true voting rights, equal access to housing, and an end to the Jim Crow laws. The civilization-barbarism axis and the liberty-coercion axis did not provide the best insight into the issue….
Question: 1

Which of the following BEST describes the civilization-barbarism axis?

Updated On: Jan 13, 2026
  • The way we are trained to behave affects our peace in life.
  • Some people are barbaric and should be restrained from public life.
  • It is how you behave, not who you are, that makes you acceptable.
  • Government should play a very heavy role in maintaining law and order.
  • Every society has to have a harmonious mix of civilized and the barbaric for it to survive.
Show Solution

The Correct Option is C

Solution and Explanation

Step 1: Grasp the civilization-barbarism continuum.

This continuum examines institutional actions and directives that limit individual actions and promote civilized behavior, contrasting it with barbarism.

Step 2: Assess the choices.

  • Option 1: Training influences peace but misses the core of the continuum.
  • Option 2: Suppressing barbarity is crucial but does not fully delineate the structure.
  • Option 3: Accurately prioritizes conduct over self-perception, matching the continuum's tenet.
  • Option 4: Emphasizes legal order but does not comprehensively define the civilization-barbarism model.
  • Option 5: Although concord is meaningful, it overlooks the central element of behavior.

Final Answer: (3)

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Question: 2

Which of the following BEST explains the author’s usage of the term moral frames?

Updated On: Jan 13, 2026
  • The frames give those who believe in them the right to question others’ behaviours.
  • The frames define what the believer believes as right or wrong.
  • A frame is a belief and cannot be rationally explained.
  • What is right to the believer is wrong to those who do not share that belief.
  • It makes easy for the believer to declare others as wrong.
Show Solution

The Correct Option is B

Solution and Explanation

Phase 1: Comprehend Moral Frameworks.

Moral frameworks establish a belief system that directs an individual's perception of ethical conduct.

Phase 2: Assess Alternatives.

  • Alternative 1: Frameworks offer direction but do not emphasize challenging others.
  • Alternative 2: Accurately posits frameworks as establishing moral standards for the adherent.
  • Alternative 3: Frameworks are amenable to justification, contradicting the assertion.
  • Alternative 4: Addresses disputes but lacks a complete definition of moral frameworks.
  • Alternative 5: Frameworks simplify decision-making but are not exclusively for condemning others.

Conclusion: (2)

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Question: 3

Which of the following can BEST be concluded from the above passage?

Updated On: Jan 13, 2026
  • Knowing why you think the way you think, enables you to understand others’ perspectives.
  • Most controversial issues in the world can be simplified into three axes.
  • The assumptions we hold leads to our dominant axis.
  • Issues can be solved by looking at them from the right axis and questioning the assumptions.
  • Most problems in the world are because of applying the wrong axis to a particular problem.
Show Solution

The Correct Option is A

Solution and Explanation

Stage 1: Deconstruct the author's thesis.

The author asserts that grasping diverse ethical frameworks is crucial for discerning how individuals interpret political matters and arrive at their conclusions.

Stage 2: Assess the presented choices.

  • Choice 1: Accurately encapsulates the central idea of comprehending alternative viewpoints.
  • Choice 2: While axes can simplify complex issues, they are not the primary takeaway from the text.
  • Choice 3: This option spotlights underlying assumptions but does not represent the most fitting conclusion.
  • Choice 4: This choice reflects the practical use of axes but overlooks the overarching requirement for understanding.
  • Choice 5: This option unduly emphasizes the causative influence of axes in generating difficulties.

Concluding Determination: (1)

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