Comprehension
The pie diagram below shows the percentage of expenditures of Paul and Balu per month.
Question: 1

If both Balu and Paul get equal income, what would be the difference of their expenditures on all except Investments?

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Since incomes are equal, compare the leftover percentage, that is 100% minus Investments, for each person.
Updated On: Jul 21, 2026
  • Rs. 1 of income
  • Rs. 0.50 of income
  • Rs. 0.01 of income
  • Rs. 0.05 of income
Show Solution

The Correct Option is C

Solution and Explanation

Step 1: Note that both incomes are fixed and equal.
Call this common income Rs. X. Since each person's percentages add to 100%, removing one head just flips the comparison onto that head.

Step 2: Convert Investments percentages into a direct comparison.
Paul's Investments percentage is 23% and Balu's is 24%, a gap of exactly 1 percentage point.
Because total spending is 100% of X for both, the gap in the remaining five heads equals the same 1 percentage point, only reversed in direction.

Step 3: Confirm with actual remainders.
Paul spends 100 minus 23 equals 77% of X outside Investments; Balu spends 100 minus 24 equals 76% of X outside Investments.
The gap is 77% minus 76% equals 1% of X, matching the shortcut from Step 2.

Final Answer:
The difference works out to 0.01 of income. \[ \boxed{0.01X} \]
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Question: 2

If Paul's income was Rs. 13,500, what would be his average expenditure on Investments, Rent and Travelling?

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Add Paul's three relevant percentages, divide by 3, then apply that average to his income.
Updated On: Jul 21, 2026
  • Rs. 2540
  • Rs. 2125
  • Rs. 2490
  • Rs. 2700
Show Solution

The Correct Option is D

Solution and Explanation

Step 1: Convert each percentage to a rupee amount first.
Investments amount: 23% of 13500 equals 3105.
Rent amount: 22% of 13500 equals 2970.
Travel amount: 15% of 13500 equals 2025.

Step 2: Add the three amounts.
3105 plus 2970 plus 2025 equals 8100.

Step 3: Divide the total by 3 to get the average amount.
8100 divided by 3 equals 2700.

Final Answer:
The average expenditure is Rs. 2700, the same result reached by averaging amounts instead of percentages. \[ \boxed{Rs.\ 2700} \]
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Question: 3

If the salary of Balu is Rs. 15,000, what would be the expenditure on Investments and Food?

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Add Balu's Investments and Food percentages, then apply the combined percentage to his salary.
Updated On: Jul 21, 2026
  • Rs. 5450
  • Rs. 4200
  • Rs. 4560
  • Rs. 5700
Show Solution

The Correct Option is D

Solution and Explanation

Step 1: Write the combined percentage as a simplified fraction.
Investments plus Food is 24% plus 14%, which equals 38%.
As a fraction, 38% equals 38 over 100, which simplifies to 19 over 50.

Step 2: Multiply the fraction by the salary.
19 over 50 times 15000 equals 19 times 300, since 15000 divided by 50 is 300.

Step 3: Complete the multiplication.
19 times 300 equals 5700.

Final Answer:
The expenditure on Investments and Food is Rs. 5700, confirmed using the fraction route. \[ \boxed{Rs.\ 5700} \]
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Question: 4

What is the sum of angles subtended by expenditures of Paul on Travel, Rent and Medical?

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Convert each percentage to degrees using the fact that 100% equals 360 degrees.
Updated On: Jul 21, 2026
  • \( 207.2^{\circ} \)
  • \( 165.8^{\circ} \)
  • \( 157.5^{\circ} \)
  • \( 187.2^{\circ} \)
Show Solution

The Correct Option is D

Solution and Explanation

Step 1: Convert each of Paul's three percentages to degrees separately.
Travel angle: 15% times 3.6 degrees equals 54 degrees.
Rent angle: 22% times 3.6 degrees equals 79.2 degrees.
Medical angle: 15% times 3.6 degrees equals 54 degrees.

Step 2: Add the three individual angles.
54 plus 79.2 plus 54 equals 187.2 degrees.

Final Answer:
Adding the angles one category at a time also gives 187.2 degrees for Travel, Rent and Medical. \[ \boxed{187.2^{\circ}} \]
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Question: 5

If both Balu and Paul get equal income, what is the ratio of their expenditures on Food and clothing?

Show Hint

Since incomes are equal, add each person's percentage for Food, and separately for Clothing, before forming the ratio.
Updated On: Jul 21, 2026
  • 1 : 1
  • 1 : 2
  • 3 : 1
  • 16 : 11
Show Solution

The Correct Option is D

Solution and Explanation

Step 1: Take a concrete income value to work with actual rupees.
Let the equal income of both Balu and Paul be Rs. 100, purely to make the arithmetic concrete.

Step 2: Find the rupee amount spent on Food by both.
Paul spends Rs. 18 on Food and Balu spends Rs. 14 on Food, a combined Rs. 32.

Step 3: Find the rupee amount spent on Clothing by both.
Paul spends Rs. 7 on Clothing and Balu spends Rs. 15 on Clothing, a combined Rs. 22.

Step 4: Write the ratio and reduce it.
Rs. 32 to Rs. 22 reduces, on dividing by 2, to 16 to 11.

Final Answer:
Using Rs. 100 as the common income also gives the ratio 16 : 11 for Food to Clothing. \[ \boxed{16:11} \]
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Top Questions on Pie Charts

Questions Asked in IBSAT exam

Although cynics may like to see the government’s policy for women in terms of the party’s internal power struggles, it will nevertheless be churlish to deny that it represents a pioneering effort aimed at bringing about sweeping social reforms. In its language, scope and strategies, the policy document displays a degree of understanding of women’s needs that is uncommon in government pronouncements. This is due in large part to the participatory process that marked its formulation, seeking the active involvement right from the start of women’s groups, academic institutions and non-government organizations with grass roots experience.
The result is not just a lofty declaration of principles but a blueprint for a practical programme of action. The policy delineates a series of concrete measures to accord women a decision-making role in the political domain and greater control over their economic status. Of especially far-reaching impact are the devolution of control of economic infrastructure to women, notably at the gram panchayat level, and the amendments proposed in the Hindu Succession Act of 1956 to give women coparcenary rights.
 An enlightened aspect of the policy is its recognition that actual change in the status of women cannot be brought about by the mere enactment of socially progressive legislation. Accordingly, it focuses on reorienting development programmes and sensitizing administrations to address specific situations as, for instance, the growing number of households headed by women, which is a consequence of rural-urban migration. The proposal to create an equal-opportunity police force and give women greater control of police stations is an acknowledgement of the biases and callousness displayed by the generally all-male lawenforcement authorities in cases of dowry and domestic violence. While the mere enunciation of such a policy has the salutary effect of sensitizing the administration as a whole, it does not make the task of its implementation any easier. 
This is because the changes it envisages in the political and economic status of women strike at the root of power structures in society and the basis of man woman relationships. There is also the danger that reservation for women in public life, while necessary for their greater visibility, could lapse into tokenism or become a tool in the hands of vote seeking politicians. Much will depend on the dissemination of the policy and the ability of elected representatives and government agencies to reorder their priorities.
  • IBSAT
  • Reading Comprehension
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Generally, people experience stress in their day-to-day lives, but more than thirty million Americans suffer from something more intense than that. Anxiety disorders are the second-most-common mental health problem in the country, and they can be paralyzing. Sometimes, day-to-day stress and anxiety are hard to tell apart, but the easiest way to distinguish them is that stress is brought on by actual events, and then dissipates, whereas anxiety is a more pervasive worry, that often attaches itself to specific areas of your life, like your relationship, job or health, says psychologist Terry Mooney.
This anxiety does not dissipate, and in fact, it can increase to the level where it begins to change your behavior. That’s when it’s characterized as an anxiety disorder. Anxiety can keep you safe, helping you recognize danger, and cope with it, says Mooney. But if you begin to see danger lurking around every corner, or worry over and over again about the same events, then you might be dealing with something more substantial, like an anxiety disorder. 
People with anxiety disorders often begin to avoid activities or circumstances that make them anxious, said John Forsyth, associate professor of Psychology at the State University of New York at Albany and director of the Anxiety Disorders Research Programme at the university. People may stop driving, or stop going to parties. They may stop travelling or even avoid leaving the house. It’s this curtailing of activities that causes the suffering, Forsyth said, making you feel that ‘life is shrinking around you.’
 Anxiety disorders come in a variety of forms and manifest themselves in different ways. Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by ongoing worry about everyday tasks, even when there is no clear reason to worry. People with social anxiety disorder experience intense worry over social interactions, and often feel judged by people or worry that they will embarrass themselves. Post-traumatic stress disorder, which is characterized by people re-living a frightening event over and over again, is also considered an anxiety disorder. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is when people take on obsessive rituals that help them maintain the illusion of control. Often repetitive in nature, obsessive compulsive rituals can include cleaning, checking and rechecking something, counting or endlessly reviewing conversations in their mind. Treatment is available for anxiety disorders. People can use a variety of approaches, including therapy, medication and exercise.
  • IBSAT
  • Reading Comprehension
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I am the family face; flesh perishes. I live on, projecting trait and trace through time to times anon, and leaping from place to place over oblivion.
So wrote Thomas Hardy in his poem, Heredity, describing direct descent of life from one generation to the next. Indeed, the poem reflects the DNA in our genome. Dr.Drew Endy of MIT quoted this when he described how people at the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI) bypass nature’s constraint of direct descent. Scientists there have used chemistry and biochemistry to produce the first synthetic genome in the laboratory. They chemically synthesized many fragments of the DNA, encoding the 582,970-units-long genome of a bacterium called Mycoplasma genitalium. Next, they assembled these fragments in perfect order to generate the genome of the bacterium.
The DNA sequence of the synthetic one was confirmed to be identical to the natural one. While the DNA pieces were synthesized chemically, the stitching together was done using the biochemical machinery of a host cell. About 100 pieces of the genome, each 5000-7000 units long in DNA sequence, were first joined to produce 25 sub-assemblies, each about 24000 base pairs long. These were then introduced into the bacterium E. coli to produce sufficient DNA for the next steps. Next, they repeated the procedure to generate large fragments comprising l/4th of the whole genome of M.genitalium.
Now, they used the clever trick of exploiting the process called homologous recombination. This is a basic essential process in every cell, which physically rearranges the two strands of DN The JCVI researchers inserted the synthesized DNA fragments into yeast and utilized its homologous recombination ability to generate the whole 580,000 long genome of M.genitalium in one step. 
This is clearly a landmark work that leads into the brave new world of synthesizing life itself in the laboratory. It was hardly 200 years ago when Friedrich Wohler synthesized urea, an organic molecule, in the chemical laboratory, thus throwing out the notion of ‘vital forces’ involved in the components of living organisms. What is the next step, making life itself in the lab, bypassing nature? With single cell organisms like M.genitalium, it might not be far away. It is now possible in the lab to do so, by inserting the genome into a ‘host’ cell and asking the latter to make the bacterium of your choice. If only we find a way to insert the bacterial genome into this proto-cell, and somehow trigger it to make the bacterium itself! We would have chemically created life in the la This is not a pipedream; JCVI scientists are already on the job, and my bet is they will do it within a few years. 
This surely raises ethical questions, a matter that JCVI is keenly aware of and is already engaged in with ethicists. Even their present work on M.genitalium was done with prior approval of ethical experts. But then, today it is M.genitalium, tomorrow it could be a more advanced, multi-cellular organism, and that could flummox even the ethicist. Assisted reproduction, which is the other side of the coin and truly a recently initiated technology, has become ethically and morally acceptable. Cloning of Dolly, the sheep, has not raised any outrage, but cloning a human certainly does.
  • IBSAT
  • Reading Comprehension
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