The Directive Principles of State Policy in the Indian Constitution were borrowed from the Constitution of

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The concept of per se disqualification is unknown to the Constitution. Any decision as to the disqualification proceedings under the Tenth Schedule must be taken after following the due process of law and the principles of natural justice. A member incurs disqualification only after adjudication by the Speaker. The procedure for the adjudication of disqualification petitions is prescribed under the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (Disqualification on Ground of Defection) Rules 1986. The MLAs facing disqualification retain the right to participate in the proceedings of the House and vote on resolutions. Article 189(2) of the Constitution provides that any proceedings of the House are not invalid even if it is subsequently discovered that persons who were not entitled to participate or vote or otherwise take part in the proceedings, did so. In Pratap Gouda Patil v. State of Karnataka and Speaker, Haryana Vidhan Sabha v. Kuldeep Bishnoi, this Court observed that members should not be stopped from taking part in the proceedings of the House merely because disqualification proceedings were pending against them
Prior to the deletion of Paragraph 3 of the Tenth Schedule, the Speaker’s enquiry as to the existence of a split within a political party was limited to a prima facie determination for deciding the disqualification proceedings. As a result of the deletion of Paragraph 3, the authority of the Speaker to form even a prima facie opinion regarding a split within a political party has been removed. Upon the deletion of Paragraph 3, the only defence for disqualification proceedings under the Tenth Schedule are that of a merge under Paragraph 4. The Election Commission of India is the sole authority empowered to decide disputes between rival factions of a political party according to the provisions of the Symbols Order.
[Extracted from Subhash Desai v. Principal Secretary, Governor of Maharashtra (2023)]

Answer 1

Step 1: Recall borrowings in the Indian Constitution.
The framers of the Indian Constitution drew inspiration from various foreign constitutions. The Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV, Articles 36-51) were inspired by the Constitution of Ireland (Eire), which itself drew from the Spanish Constitution.
Step 2: Eliminate other countries.
The UK contributed the parliamentary form of government and rule of law; the USA contributed fundamental rights and judicial review; Switzerland contributed referendum mechanisms. The DPSP model came from Ireland.
Step 3: Confirm the source.
The Directive Principles of State Policy were borrowed from the Constitution of Ireland.
\[ \boxed{\text{Ireland}} \]

The Directive Principles of State Policy in the Indian Constitution were borrowed from the Constitution of

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