Question:easy

Instructions (127 to 129): The following questions comprise of one or more statements. Answer the questions on the basis of the given statement(s). Accept the factual assumptions required by the question, even if you believe that the statement is false.

Statement:
I. Democrats are secularists.
Which of the following statements, if true, would show that the above statement is false?

Show Hint

To break "all A are B" you need one A that is not a B. Ask which option produces a democrat who fails the secularist test.
Updated On: Jul 17, 2026
  • My father is a secularist but he is not a democrat.
  • My father is a democrat but he is not secularist.
  • My father is a democrat and he is secularist.
  • My father is neither a democrat nor a secularist.
Show Solution

The Correct Option is B

Solution and Explanation

Think of the claim as a promise: enter the democrats group and you are guaranteed to be a secularist. To break a promise you need one person who entered and did not get what was promised. Nobody outside the group can help you, and nobody who did get the promised property can help you either. Run the four options through that filter.

  1. My father is a secularist but he is not a democrat: He never entered the democrats group, so the promise was never made to him. His being a secularist anyway is allowed. The claim only fences democrats in, it does not fence anyone else out.
  2. My father is a democrat but he is not secularist: He entered the group and did not receive the promised property. That is a broken promise, and one broken instance is enough to sink a universal claim. This is the counter example.
  3. My father is a democrat and he is secularist: The promise was made and kept. This is evidence for the claim, not against it.
  4. My father is neither a democrat nor a secularist: He is outside the claim's reach entirely, so his case is silent on the matter.

A common trap here is option (A). Students who quietly read the claim as "democrats and secularists are the same people" will think a secularist non democrat breaks it. The claim is one directional, so reversing it is a misreading.

Let's summarize:

  • "All A are B" is falsified only by an A that is not a B.
  • The claim says nothing about people outside A, so options (A) and (D) are irrelevant.
  • An agreeing example, as in (C), can never falsify anything.

The falsifying statement is option (B).

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Top Questions on Statements and Conclusions

Questions Asked in CLAT exam

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Passage (extract): The work which Gandhiji had taken up was not only regarding the achievement of political freedom but also the establishment of a new social order based on truth and non-violence, unity and peace, equality and universal brotherhood and maximum freedom for all. A new order cannot be established without radically changing the mind and attitude of men towards property and, at some stage or the other, the 'haves' have to yield place to the 'have-nots'. We have seen, in our time, attempts to achieve a kind of egalitarian society and the picture of it after it was achieved. But this was done, by and large, through the use of physical force. It may even be that, like a gas kept confined within containers under great pressure, or water held back by a big dam, once the barrier breaks, the reaction will one day sweep back with a violence equal in extent and intensity to what was used to establish and maintain the outward egalitarian form. This enforced egalitarianism contains, in its bosom, the seed of its own destruction. If egalitarianism is to endure, it has to be based not on the possession of the maximum material goods by a few or by all but on voluntary, enlightened renunciation of those goods which cannot be shared by others or can be enjoyed only at the expense of others.

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Passage (extract): The work which Gandhiji had taken up was not only regarding the achievement of political freedom but also the establishment of a new social order based on truth and non-violence, unity and peace, equality and universal brotherhood and maximum freedom for all. This unfinished part of his experiment was perhaps even more difficult to achieve than the achievement of political freedom. In the political struggle, the fight was against a foreign power and all one could do was either join it or wish it success and give it his/her moral support. In establishing a social order on this pattern, there was a strong possibility of a conflict arising between diverse groups and classes of our own people.

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Passage (extract): In the political struggle, the fight was against a foreign power and all one could do was either join it or wish it success and give it his/her moral support. Experience shows that man values his possessions even more than his life because in the former he sees the means for perpetuation and survival of his descendants even after his body is reduced to ashes. We have seen, in our time, attempts to achieve a kind of egalitarian society and the picture of it after it was achieved. But this was done, by and large, through the use of physical force. This enforced egalitarianism contains, in its bosom, the seed of its own destruction. The root cause of class conflict is possessiveness or the acquisitive instinct.

Which of the following statements is 'not true' in the context of the passage?
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