Question

Ankur Sachdeva did his MBA from ITB University. He decided to apply his knowledge of scientific management in the fast food restaurant chain ‘Coffee Bean’ set up by him. This restaurant was providing burgers, fries, shakes etc. as a part of its menu.
Now a days people are quality conscious, so he was using standardised raw materials, processes, methods, working conditions, machinery etc. The objective was to establish standards of excellence. By doing this he was not only able to reduce the cost but was also able to provide new varieties of burgers, fries and shakes leading to increased turnover.
Ankur Sachdeva also believed that there was only one best method to maximise efficiency. As a result he developed best way of grilling burgers, cooking fries and preparing shakes. His main objective was to maximise the satisfaction of customers, which he was able to achieve. Not only to learn the best way of doing a job, but to perform their tasks efficiently, ‘Coffee Bean’ regularly invests in training and development programmes to equip employees with the necessary skill and knowledge. ‘Coffee Bean’ believed that efficient employees will produce more and earn more. This will ensure their greatest efficiency and prosperity for both company and workers.
The above case highlights the use of Scientific principles and techniques by ‘Coffee Bean’.
Explain any one such principle and two techniques.

Answer 1

Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–1934) was a pivotal movement in India’s fight for independence, with Mahatma Gandhi as its central figure. It represented a significant advancement in the Indian freedom struggle through mass involvement and non-violent opposition to British colonial authority.

1. Initiation via the Salt March:
Gandhi commenced the Civil Disobedience Movement with the renowned Salt March (Dandi March) in March 1930. He led a 240-mile trek from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a coastal village, to manufacture salt from seawater, thereby challenging the British monopoly on salt production. This act directly constituted civil disobedience against unjust British laws.

2. Widespread Participation and Non-Violent Resistance:
Gandhi’s methodology was founded on the principle of non-violence (ahimsa). He urged Indians to participate in peaceful protests, including boycotting foreign goods, refusing to pay taxes, and organizing strikes. This mass participation made the movement highly effective despite the personal sacrifices involved.

3. Role of the Congress and Gandhian Leadership:
The Indian National Congress (INC), under Gandhi’s leadership, fully endorsed the Civil Disobedience Movement. Gandhi’s call for non-cooperation deeply resonated with people across regions and classes, bringing India’s freedom struggle to global attention.

4. British Repression:
The British government responded with harsh repression. Thousands of Indians, including Gandhi, were arrested, and violence was used to suppress protests. Nevertheless, international attention intensified pressure on the British administration.

5. Impact and Lasting Influence:
Although independence was not immediately achieved, the movement marked a turning point in India’s struggle. It demonstrated the power of non-violent resistance and increased the popularity of the INC.

Conclusion:
Guided by Gandhiji’s leadership, the Civil Disobedience Movement mobilized millions and laid the foundation for later movements that ultimately led to India’s independence in 1947.

OR

(b) Analyze Gandhiji’s role in the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Solution:
The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–1922) was a major phase of India’s freedom struggle led by Mahatma Gandhi. It aimed to oppose British rule through non-violent means, promote self-reliance, and boycott British goods and institutions.

1. Context and Gandhi’s Ideology:
After the Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919), Gandhi felt the need for a mass movement. His principles of non-violence (ahimsa) and truth (satyagraha) formed the foundation of the movement, enabling people from all backgrounds to participate peacefully.

2. Boycott of British Goods and Institutions:
The movement promoted boycotting foreign goods, schools, courts, and offices. Gandhi encouraged the use of khadi as a symbol of self-reliance and national unity.

3. Mass Participation and Mobilization:
Under Gandhi’s leadership, people from all sections of society—peasants, workers, students, and women—joined the movement. His appeal against British exploitation inspired widespread support.

4. Chauri Chaura Incident and Withdrawal:
In 1922, violence at Chauri Chaura led to the death of policemen. True to his commitment to non-violence, Gandhi suspended the movement, a decision that emphasized moral discipline over political gain.

5. Impact and Significance:
Although withdrawn, the movement marked the first large-scale mass struggle under Gandhi. It laid the groundwork for later movements, including the Civil Disobedience Movement, and strengthened the demand for complete independence.

Conclusion:
The Non-Cooperation Movement showcased Gandhiji’s leadership rooted in non-violence and self-reliance. It awakened political consciousness among the masses and prepared India for sustained resistance against colonial rule.