Concept:
- The two kinds of federation can be told apart by asking a single question: did the smaller units exist first, or did the big country exist first.
- Whichever came first decides the type.
Step 1: Apply the question to India.
India existed as one country and then organised itself into states. The units did not exist first as independent nations, so India is a holding together federation. Option (C) is out.
Step 2: Apply the question to Spain.
Spain too was already a single country, and later granted autonomy to regions such as Catalonia and the Basque country. That again is holding together. Option (B) is out.
Step 3: Apply the question to England.
England is not a federation at all. The United Kingdom is a unitary state where the central government holds ultimate authority, so the question does not even apply. Option (A) is out.
Step 4: Apply the question to Switzerland.
The Swiss cantons were separate self-governing units that agreed to join together for greater security. The smaller units clearly came first, so this is a coming together federation.
Step 5: Check the power balance as a cross-test.
In Switzerland the cantons remain strong and enjoy equal status, which is the mark of a coming together federation. In India and Spain the centre is clearly stronger.
Final Answer: (D) Switzerland