Question

Which of the following techniques is based upon the principle of Operant Conditioning?

• A. Systematic desensitization
• B. Aversive conditioning
• C. Behaviour Modification
• D. Flooding

Hint:

To distinguish between classical and operant conditioning applications, ask: Is the behavior voluntary or involuntary? Operant conditioning deals with changing {voluntary} behaviors through consequences (reinforcement/punishment), which is the core of behaviour modification. Classical conditioning deals with {involuntary} reflexive responses (like fear or salivation).

Answer 1

The Correct Option is C

Step 1: Concept Identification:
The query seeks to identify the therapeutic approach primarily employing operant conditioning principles (learning via reinforcement and punishment).
Step 2: Explanation Breakdown:
(A) Systematic Desensitization: A behavioral method derived from classical conditioning. It combines relaxation with a hierarchy of feared stimuli to diminish fear.
(B) Aversive Conditioning: Also rooted in classical conditioning. It links an undesirable action (e.g., smoking) with an unpleasant consequence (e.g., electric shock, emetic drug).
(C) Behavior Modification: An overarching term for therapies based on operant conditioning. It utilizes reinforcement (positive/negative) and punishment for behavioral change. Sub-techniques include token economies, shaping, and contingency management.
(D) Flooding: An exposure therapy technique based on classical conditioning, specifically extinction. It involves prolonged exposure to a feared stimulus until the fear response dissipates.
Step 3: Conclusion:
Behavior Modification is the technique fundamentally grounded in operant conditioning principles.