Question

Which of the following cases led to the establishment of the "Basic Structure Doctrine"?

• A. Minerva Mills vs. Union of India
• B. Golaknath vs. State of Punjab
• C. Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of India
• D. Keshavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala

Hint:

The Kesavananda Bharati case is arguably the most important decision in the history of the Indian Constitution. For exams, remember it as the "Basic Structure Case". It created a balance between Parliament's power to amend and the need to preserve the core identity of the Constitution.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is D

Step 1: Core Concept:
The Basic Structure Doctrine, a key principle in Indian constitutional law, limits Parliament's power to amend the Constitution. Parliament cannot amend or abolish the Constitution's "basic features" or fundamental framework.
Step 2: Case Analysis:
Here's an overview of the key cases:

(A) Minerva Mills vs. Union of India (1980): This case reinforced the Basic Structure Doctrine. The Supreme Court invalidated parts of the 42nd Amendment that granted Parliament excessive amending power, affirming that a "limited amending power" is itself a basic feature.
(B) Golaknath vs. State of Punjab (1967): The Supreme Court ruled that Parliament couldn't amend Fundamental Rights. This ruling preceded the Basic Structure Doctrine and sparked conflict between Parliament and the judiciary.
(C) Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of India (1978): This case broadened Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty) by requiring "procedure established by law" to be fair and just. It is not related to the Basic Structure Doctrine.
(D) Keshavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala (1973): In this landmark case, the Supreme Court, by a 7-6 majority, established the Basic Structure Doctrine. While Parliament can amend any part of the Constitution (including Fundamental Rights), it cannot change its "basic structure."
Step 3: Conclusion:
The Basic Structure Doctrine originated in the Keshavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala case.