Step 1: Break down the definition.
The question asks about a science that covers the origin, structure, and evolution of the Earth. This is a broad Earth science discipline.
Step 2: Eliminate wrong options.
Seismology studies earthquakes. Meteorology studies weather and the atmosphere. Petrology is the study of rocks and their formation. None of these cover Earth's full origin and evolution.
Step 3: Identify the correct answer.
Geology is the comprehensive science that studies Earth's origin, internal structure, composition, and evolution over billions of years.
\[ \boxed{\text{Geology}} \]