If \(\cos \theta = \frac{e^{i\theta} + e^{-i\theta}}{2}\) and \(\sin \theta = \frac{e^{i\theta} - e^{-i\theta}}{2i}\), then \(\cos \theta - i\sin \theta\) is equal to
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Remember the classic exponential identities:
- \( \cos \theta + i\sin \theta = e^{i\theta} \)
- \( \cos \theta - i\sin \theta = e^{-i\theta} \)
These polar-exponential identities are incredibly useful throughout complex analysis.