Question:medium

Identify $-\text{I}$ effect causing group from following.

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Any functional group containing carbonyl features ($-\text{CHO}$, $-\text{COR}$, $-\text{COOH}$, $-\text{COOR}$) has a highly electronegative carbon center that strongly pulls shared valence electrons. Conversely, simple hydrocarbon alkyl tails are always classified as $+\text{I}$ chains.
Updated On: Jun 4, 2026
  • $-\text{COOR}$
  • $-\text{CH}_3$
  • $-\text{C}_2\text{H}_5$
  • $-\text{C}_3\text{H}_7$
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The Correct Option is A

Solution and Explanation

Step 1: Understand the term asked.
We must find the group that shows the $-\text{I}$ effect. A $-\text{I}$ group pulls the shared bonding electrons towards itself, that is, it withdraws electrons.

Step 2: Recall what causes a $-\text{I}$ effect.
Groups that contain electronegative atoms like oxygen, or that carry a positive charge, pull electrons away. They are electron withdrawing.

Step 3: Recall what causes a $+\text{I}$ effect.
Simple alkyl groups like methyl, ethyl, and propyl push electrons toward the rest of the molecule. They are electron donating, the opposite of what we want.

Step 4: Test the alkyl options.
Options 2, 3, and 4 are $\text{-CH}_3$, $\text{-C}_2\text{H}_5$, and $\text{-C}_3\text{H}_7$. These are all alkyl groups, so they show the $+\text{I}$ effect, not $-\text{I}$. So none of these is the answer.

Step 5: Test the ester option.
The group $-\text{COOR}$ has a carbon joined to two oxygen atoms. Oxygen is very electronegative, so this group strongly pulls electrons away through the bonds. That is a clear $-\text{I}$ effect.

Step 6: Pick the answer.
Only $-\text{COOR}$ withdraws electrons, so it is the $-\text{I}$ group. This is option 1.
\[ \boxed{-\text{COOR}} \]
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