Question:medium

According to Robert Merton, what is the term for individuals who accept societal goals but use illegal means to achieve them?

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\textbf{Innovation} = Goal accepted + Illegal means used.
Think: Desire for success but shortcuts taken.
Updated On: Mar 20, 2026
  • Conformity
  • Innovation
  • Ritualism
  • Retreatism
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The Correct Option is B

Solution and Explanation

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
Robert K. Merton's Strain Theory explores the gap between culturally defined goals and the legitimate means available to achieve them, leading to deviance.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
Merton proposed five types of individual adaptations based on their acceptance or rejection of goals and means:
1. Conformity: Accepts both goals and means (most common).
2. Innovation: Accepts cultural goals (like financial success) but rejects the institutionalized or legal means. These individuals find "new" (often illegal) ways to succeed, such as theft or white-collar crime.
3. Ritualism: Rejects goals but strictly follows the rules/means (the "rigid bureaucrat").
4. Retreatism: Rejects both goals and means (e.g., chronic addicts).
5. Rebellion: Rejects both and seeks to replace them with new ones.
Step 3: Final Answer:
The mode where goals are accepted but illegal means are used is Innovation.
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