Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
Pressure-driven membrane filtration processes are classified by their pore size and operating pressure, which determine which solutes are retained and which pass through.
Detailed Explanation:
Let us match the membrane processes in List-I with their functions in List-II:
- (A) Microfiltration: Has the largest pore size ($0.1\text{ to }10\text{ }\mu\text{m}$).
It retains suspended solids, starch granules, and microbial cells, making it effective for the Removal of bacteria (II) from milk or fruit juices.
- (B) Ultrafiltration: Has a pore size of $0.001\text{ to }0.1\text{ }\mu\text{m}$.
It retains proteins and starches while allowing water and salts to pass through, making it ideal for the Concentration of large and macromolecules (III) (such as whey proteins).
- (C) Nanofiltration: Has a pore size of $0.5\text{ to }2\text{ nm}$.
It retains organic molecules and multivalent ions (like calcium and magnesium) while allowing some monovalent salts (like sodium chloride) to pass through, achieving partial demineralization and concentration (IV).
- (D) Reverse Osmosis: Has the smallest pore size ($< 1\text{ nm}$).
It acts as a molecular filter, retaining almost all solutes (including ions) and allowing only water to pass through. It is used for the concentration of solutions by removing water (I).
This yields the match: (A) - (II), (B) - (III), (C) - (IV), (D) - (I).
Step 2: Final Answer:
The correct matching sequence corresponds to option (4).