List of practice Questions

Effective speaking depends on effective listening. It takes energy to concentrate on hearing and concentrate on understanding what has been heard. Incompetent listeners fail in a number of ways. First, they may drift. Their attention drifts from what the speaker is saying. Second, they may counter. They find counter arguments to whatever the speaker may be saying. Third, they compete. Then, they filter. They exclude from their understanding those parts of the message which do not readily fit in with their own frame of reference. Finally, they react. They let personal feelings about speaker or subject override the significance of the message which is being sent. What a listener do to be more effective/the first key to effective listening is the art of concentration. If a listener positively wishes to concentrate on receiving the message, his chances of success are high. It may need determination. Some speakers are difficult to follow, either because of voice problems, or because of the form in which they send a message. There is then particular need for the determination of a listener to concentrate on what is being said. Concentration is helped by alertness. Mental alertness is helped by physical alertness. It is not simply physical fitness, but also positioning of the body, the limbs and the head. Some people also find it helpful to their concentration if they hold the head slightly to one side. One useful way for achieving this is intensive note-making, by trying to capture the critical headings and sub-headings the speaker is referring to. Note-taking has been recommended as an aid to the listener. It also helps the speaker. it gives him confidence when he sees that listeners are sufficiently interested to take notes; the pattern of eye-contact when the note-taker looks up can be very positive; and the speaker's time is aided--he can see when a note-taker is writing hard and can then make effective use of pause. Posture too is important. Consider the impact made by a less competent listener who pushes his chair backward and slouches. An upright posture helps a listener's concentration. At the same time it is seen by the speaker to be a positive feature amongst his listeners. Effective listening skills have a impact on both the listener and the speaker. \hrule 1. Read the following passage. Make notes (5 marks) and write a summary (4 marks) and give it a suitable title (1 mark): (10)

Academics has always been an essential part of human development. It prepares us to survive in the outside world and establish an identity of our own. But is an individual's development restricted to merely academics? In India, from an early age, we have been taught that education is limited to the boundaries of academics only; the idea of getting out into the field, for gaining experience, is always considered a hoax. This has hindered the student's development. But the truth is that education represents a considerably broader field than we know of it. Our teaching, from the basics, has been focused on getting good grades and job offers rather than being creative and unique. In the 21st century, the pure academic type of education is slowly paving way for a whole new type. The paradigm shift in the whole education system is evident. People have now come to understand that education is a 360 degree activity that should focus on the student's overall development, rather than restricting her/him to the classroom. Co-curricular activities that take place outside the classroom but reinforce or supplement classroom curriculum, in some way, have become a point of focus today. These activities help in the growth of the child, in more than one way. Participating in such activities helps youngsters grow mentally, socially and individually. Intellectual development of a student is done in the classroom, but for the aesthetic development, such as team-building, character-building, and physical growth, students must step out into the outside world. For instance, if a student is a part of school football team, he/she will learn teamwork and coordination, in a practical manner, which cannot be taught in the class. Similarly, in colleges and universities, there is a need for practical exposure so that the student can experience the actual working of an industry. For example, taking a student to a manufacturing firm will give him/her real insight and better learning of the industry. Catering to this change, most professional colleges including B schools have started providing practical exposure to students through regular guest lectures, industrial visits, conferences, seminars, cultural festivals and so on. With industry visits, students are able to better identify their prospective areas of work in the overall organizational function. Moreover, they help enhance interpersonal skills and communication techniques. In addition, guest lectures are equally important for all-round development of students. It is a great way for students to gain maximum exposure as guest speakers talk about their real-life experience and not what is there in the textbooks. \hrule 2(i). What has not been the focus of education from earlier times?

A student's development is hindered by :

Read the given passage and answer the questions.
For those of us without access to outside green space, houseplants are a stylish and affordable way of getting a nature fix. Alongside looking nice, indoor plants actually have several other perks- the biggest benefit of which could be improving your mental health. And the good news is you don’t need to be a self-professed” plant parent” to experience these benefits either. One in eight UK households don’t have access to any kind of garden. Young people and those from minority ethnic backgrounds are among those least likely to have a garden. Not having access to nature can have a number of effects on our health. It’s been linked to symptoms of depression and anxiety, as well as other health conditions, such as asthma, cardiovascular disease, and poor immune function. For many of us, houseplants are an essential link to nature. While there’s not yet a robust body of research on the mental health benefits of houseplants specifically, plenty of studies have shown how beneficial green space and gardening are for mental health. For instance, one study found that people who garden daily have better wellbeing and lower stress levels compared to those who don’t. Gardening also reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety and increases positive emotions to the same extent as biking, walking and eating out. Many of these outcomes are likely to be true of houseplants too. A recent review of 42 studies demonstrates that even just being in the presence of indoor plants can improve mental and physical health. These experiments compared participants doing various activities in rooms with or without plants. The presence of plants saw better performances on cognitive tasks involving focus, sorting or memory recall, greater pain tolerance when holding hands in ice cold water, and lower levels of physiological stress. Interestingly, the aesthetic appearance of plants is important too, with separate research showing that people tend to react more positively to lush, green plants with rounded and denser foliage. But most of these studies are centred around the mere presence of plants. From research on the benefits of gardening, we can assume that caring for houseplants will bring out many more emotional benefits- such as pride, social connection, satisfaction, fascination, mental resilience in times of stress, and may even help you heal from past trauma.... Plants can remove pollutants such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide (from nearby traffic), fine particles (from dust) and volatile organic compounds (from air fresheners, cooking and cleaning). For people indoors for the majority of the day, indoor air quality is hugely important. High concentrations of carbon dioxide can reduce cognitive performance (such as concentration and memory recall) while prolonged exposure to other indoor pollutants can cause long-term health problems- ranging from minor eye or throat irritations to respiratory problems and cancer. But removing a meaningful quantity of indoor pollutants would require a lot of plants in a very bright room- something unrealistic for most people. If you do want to give it a try, plants with a high leaf area- such as an India rubber tree (Ficus elastic) or devil’s ivy (Epipremnum aureum) are your best bet

Jingbthah: Pule ïa kane ka pasoh bad sa jubab ïa ki jingkylli harum:
Ki snem 1941–60 ka long kum ka shrah bah kaba ngi lap tang katto katne ki symbai ba sah syllai. Don kiba ong ba ka thma bah ba ar ka long ka daw jong ka jingriewdien kynsan. Imat ka daw ba shong kongsa te ka dei ka jingpynkhlaiñ ïa ka jingysnhriah ïa ka jingsynshar ha ri India. Da bun bun snem ki nongialam jong ka ri India ki la iakhun ban pynioh jinglaitluid ïa ka ri India na ka jingsynshar ki phareng, hynrei ym don jingjapaitw ei ei. Dei ha ka por thma ba ka jingpyrkhat na ri Bilat ba India ka thma dei ban wanrah ïa ki jingkylla ha ka jingsynshar ha ri India. Dei halor kane ka jingpyrkhat ba ka sorkar Bilat ka la ithuh ïa ka Cabinet Mission. Hadien ba la tohkit bha, ka Cabinet Mission ka tyrwa ba ka ri India ka dei ban ioh ïa ka kynhun Dominion kum ka Australia, New Zealand, Canada bad kiwei kiwei ki ri. Hynrei kane ka jingtyrwa kam pynhun shuh ïa ki nong India. Pynban dei ka snem 1947 kaba pynlong ba ka sorkar phareng kan ai jinglaitluid noh ïa ri India. Kawei kaba dei ruh dei ban kynmaw ïa kane ka bynta ka long ba ka jingpynbna ha phyllaw ka jinglaitluid ka dei lyngba ka jingpyrkhat phareng, baroh ki jingiatei jaitbynriew bad ki jingiatei kyrmit jong ka bad ki nongshynshar ki Indian Native State kin wan noh.

Jingbthah: Pule la kane ka pasoh bad sa jubab ïa ki jingkylli harum:
"Ka dei phi pa", jubab u khun, "hynrei nga ishong khia katei ka Ruth te phi. Peit seh, ha pdeng ka shempep ha ïing ruh ka ïphuh ka khmat shik rukom. Ban da kum kiwei ki kynthei Moab te, nga kwah ban leit tyrwa kai ïalade ha ka ïing." Kumta u khun u kren, "hynrei mynta ka bym don khun, namar shi semi ka ïashong bad uto u rangbah ruh kam ka khuslem ïa ruh. To ïa ka Orpah phin kaba ïapamit ha i Khilion uymba da koit da khiah, te un leit pyrkha kumno iu kein."
"Me la nang mo khun ban pyrkhat ïa kata baroh ruh. To, ka bha ba phin haang kumta. Hynrei, ym dei kein ban leit ïapamit ïa ka briew kaba dong bad ka la kiew hoi." La long kumba thuh bi lah. Lada ka la wan poi sha ïing hi kpa jong ka pyllang, nga ruh ngan da pynshlur ïa ha ban ïatyrrwa ïa ïalade. Me dei ban da pyrkhat ruh: ka Ruth te ka la loh blei thymmai naduh ba ka la leit sha ïing ka Naomi. U dei u Jehovah, ki Jiw ki ong. Hangta men ïapher jingmut bad ka niam. Ko pa? O phi ïapleit sa ïa ka niam ruh mo! Nga dang mut shu peitshwa ïa kaba i dei, kaba i tipsnig. Lada kumta te kaba nang hap ïa pyrkhat phi." U khynraw u phai dien iohi ïa ki dang laktiew na ki ranab u Nebo.

Noticias del día
13 de octubre del 2011
Un accidente en la carretera
En los últimos cinco meses se ha producido una gran cantidad de accidentes vehiculares en las carreteras. En la mayoría de casos se debe a la negligencia del conductor del vehículo, por no respetar las señales de tránsito o quedarse dormido al volante. Sin embargo, el accidente de Víctor ocurrió por razones muy diferentes.
Víctor López conducía su coche en la carretera. Se dirigía a la casa de sus padres, que se encontraban mal de salud. Él estaba acompañado por su esposa, Juana García, y sus dos hijos. El viaje iba bien hasta que empezó a llover a las 8:00 de la tarde. Víctor tuvo que reducir la velocidad del coche para evitar un accidente. Después de que la lluvia paró, muchos animales empezaron a cruzar la pista, pero Víctor no los podía ver con claridad porque había neblina en el aire. Víctor estaba muy nervioso, ya que no quería tener un accidente y poner en riesgo a su familia o a algún animal.
A pesar de que Víctor fue muy cuidadoso al conducir, no vio que una oveja cruzó la pista en medio de la noche. Al tratar de esquivarla, chocó su vehículo contra un camión a las 11:38 de la noche. Nadie resultó herido, pero todos estaban muy asustados. Quedó claro que las autoridades necesitaban mejorar la iluminación en la carretera durante la noche.

EL GIGANTE EGOÍSTA
Al volver del colegio, todas las tardes, tenían los niños la costumbre de ir a jugar al jardín del gigante.
Era un jardín grande y solitario, con un suave y verde césped. Brillaban hermosas flores sobre el suelo, y había doce árboles que en Primavera se cubrían con delicadas flores de un blanco rosado y que en Otoño daban jugosos frutos.
Los pájaros, posados sobre las ramas, cantaban tan deliciosamente que los niños solían interrumpir sus juegos para escucharlos.
Qué felices somos aquí, se decían unos a otros.
Un día volvió el gigante. Había ido a visitar a su amigo el ogro de Cornualles, pasando siete años en su casa. Al cabo de los siete años dijo todo lo que tenía que decir, pues su conversación era limitada, y decidió volver a su castillo.
Al llegar, vio a los niños que jugaban en el jardín. -¿Qué hacéis ahí? -Les gritó con voz desagradable.
Y los niños huyeron.
-Mi jardín es para mí solo -prosiguió el gigante, todos deben entenderlo así, y no permito que nadie que no sea yo se divierta en él. Entonces lo cercó con altas murallas y puso el siguiente cartelón:
SE PROHÍBE LA ENTRADA BAJO LAS PENAS LEGALES CORRESPONDIENTES Era un gigante egoísta.
Los pobres niños no tenían ya sitio de recreo.
Intentaron jugar en la carretera; pero la carretera estaba muy polvorienta, toda llena de agudas piedras, y no les agradaba.

On’sogiminrangko poraie sing’anirangna aganchakbo:
Badiaba burung bolgrim damsao makkke aro do’mesal gronggrike rona ine ku’mongaha. Do’mesal makkrena aganaha, "Ma’nok na’a jagital jatengrak, te’gisim anggal so’o, angni nokcheli roangpaebone." Makkre roangna ku’rachakataha. Sal manchia sokon, makkke ma’nok do’mesali nokchei re’angaha. Do’mesal ma’nok makkreko kusi ong’e rimchakoaha.
Do’mesal gimal sokbaana mi cha’angchina ine mi song’aha. Mi minamo bijak song’na ine sam’diko chiko rue chaanataha. Do’mesal sam’dik rikingo bae’a bitchi rongngi chi’ataha. Makkre uko nike aiao imanne changgipino ma’noktang re’bao ua an’tangba apsanko dake on’gen ine chancehiaha.
Makkre do’chiko namen tonikbeaha, ua cha’man ringmanahaoan an’tang nokona robachina agane re’angipaha. Sal sokahaon do’mesal makkreni nokona re’baaha. Makkre do’mesalna mesal song’manahaon me’diko chiko rue ding’ataha. Chi ding’ahoan me’dik rikingo asonge bitchi chi onat man’jae ben gimikko asongaota, ki’sangsa chi ding’ao asongbeka gita dake ki’sang gimik chibilotkaha. Indakesa makkreni ki’sang gitchaka. Do’mesal aro makkreko mande gita aganirakate , mandeni bewalo done seaha aro skidapanikoba on’a.
Chanchibewaljiga gipinni dakako nike dakpana nangja. Indake dakgipakon ‘jola matjol’ine agana.

Pringsao me’chik bi’sa chi ko’na kang’kareo basing de’e chibimaona re’angaha. Ua chiona ong’onange chi ko’mitgo mangsa gorial chabae uni ja’gitoko chikkaapeaha. Da’nang me’chik bi’sa rang’san chirike grapaha. Demechikini chirike grapako knae ma’gipa bakan chabae nioa, demechinki ja’gitoko gorialni chikkaepngakosa nikaeha. Ma’gipa duk ong’bee gapae gorialko mol’mole aganaha. Anga ia demechik saksakamkamna agre darangba dongpaja. Ua angko dakkachapenga; anga segri. Pilabak angko nirok sandipiga dongpaja. Na’a ka’sakchapae angni demechikko watpabo. "Gorial an’tangba segri me’chikni duk ong’bee grapako nike mikchi ong’chakpilaha, indiba watajha.
Duk man’gipana mikchi ong’pile mesokgenoba, dakechakaniko on’na man’gnigipa ong’eba uko on’jaode mamung namgni ong’ja. Indaka kamkon gorial mikchi ong’a ine agana.

Helicopters are very different from airplanes. They can do three things that airplanes cannot do. First, when airplanes move upward, they must also move forward, but helicopters can move straight up without moving ahead. Second, helicopters can fly backward, which airplanes cannot do. Third, helicopters can use their rotors to hover in the air, which is impossible for airplanes. Helicopters can perform actions that airplanes cannot, they are used for different tasks. Since, helicopters can take off without moving forward, they do not need a runway for take off. They are used in congested areas where there is no room for airplanes or in isolated areas, which do not have airports. Because they can hover, they are used on firefighting missions to drop water on fires. They are used in logging operations to lift trees out of forests. Helicopters are used as air ambulances to airlift patients out of situations, which are difficult to reach by conventional ambulances. The police used helicopters to follow suspects on the ground or to search for cars on the ground. Of course, helicopters have military uses because of their design and capabilities.

Point out the grammatical category of the word 'very' in the passage.

After submitting his resignation, Albert came out and took the long narrow road leading to the railway station which was one of the busiest roads in the city. Sad and depressed and worried about looking for a new job. Albert looked around for a cigarette shop. He walked up to the end of the road but found no tobacconist. It was odd that such a busy thoroughfare with thousands of people passing through did not even have a single cigarette shop. He suddenly felt that it was no longer necessary for him to hunt for a job. He decided to open a tobacco shop himself. It was bound to be profitable, he felt.

A cigarette shop on a busy road was bound to be profitable because

Most employees decide their own working hours, set production quotas, improving product and processes, are responsible for their own quality and for approval of leadership appointments. Everyone votes on major corporate decisions and on how to split the profits.
As confidence in its novel approach has grown, Semco has happily abolished a lot more of the conventions by which businesses are usually run. No secretaries, receptionists or personal assistants. Reserved parking spaces and dining rooms, dress codes and almost all rules have gone, including those for travel and expenses.

It cannot be forecasted

The headquarter of International Labour Organisation is located at