The Theory of Demographic Transition outlines population growth across three stages. This model illustrates a society's shift from elevated birth and death rates to reduced rates, typically occurring in these distinct phases:
This theory emphasizes the link between population trends and socio-economic progress, postulating that all nations will eventually undergo these demographic shifts.
Read the following passage and answer the question given below:
Demographic transition theory can be used to describe and predict the future population of any area. The theory tells us that the population of any region changes from high births and high deaths to low births and low deaths as society progresses from rural agrarian and illiterate to urban industrial and literate society. These changes occur in stages which are collectively known as the demographic cycle. In the first stage, there are high fertility and high mortality because people reproduce more to compensate for the deaths due to epidemics and variable food supply. The population growth is slow and most of the people are engaged in agriculture where large families are an asset. Life expectancy is low, people are mostly illiterate and have low levels of technology. Two hundred years ago all the countries of the world were in this stage. Fertility remains high in the beginning of the second stage but it declines with time. This is accompanied by a reduced mortality rate. Improvements in sanitation and health
conditions lead to a decline in mortality. Because of this gap, the net addition to the population is high. In the last stage, both fertility and mortality decline considerably. The population is either stable or grows slowly. The population becomes urbanised, literate and has high technical know-how and deliberately controls family size. This shows that human beings are extremely flexible and are able to adjust their fertility. In the present day, different countries are at different stages of demographic transition.
| List-I (Concept) | List-II (Definition) |
|---|---|
| (A) Age structure | (I) Larger proportion of workers relative to non-workers |
| (B) Demographic dividend | (II) Persons in different age groups relative to the total population |
| (C) Population momentum | (III) Where a large cohort of women of reproductive age will fuel population growth over the next generation, even if each woman has fewer children than previous generations did |
| (D) Dependency ratio | (IV) Measure of comparing the proportion of non-working age group to working age group |