Evaluation of each statement to identify correct ones:
(A) Species colonizing a bare area are known as: Pioneer species.
This statement is accurate. Pioneer species are the initial colonizers of bare substrates in both primary and secondary succession.
(B) On rocks, pioneer species in primary succession are typically lichens.
This statement is accurate. Lichens are often the first organisms to colonize bare rock due to their ability to withstand harsh conditions and facilitate soil formation.
(C) Reed swamps are pioneers in primary succession in water.
This statement is inaccurate. In aquatic primary succession, algae and phytoplankton are generally the pioneering species, not reed swamps.
(D) In secondary succession, invading species are contingent upon soil, water, and environmental conditions.
This statement is accurate. Secondary succession occurs in areas with pre-existing soil, and the invading species are determined by the specific environmental factors present.
Correct statements are (A), (B), and (D). The correct answer is: (A), (B), and (D) only
Read the following passage and answer the next five questions:
Species interaction and productivity are two important components of any given ecosystem. In an ecosystem, interspecific interactions arise from the interaction of populations of two different species. Such interactions could be beneficial to both species, harmfulto both species, beneficial to one and harmful to the other, or vice-versa. There are also cases where only one species is harmed or benefitted, while the other remains unaffected. On the other hand, the productivity of an ecosystem starts with photosynthesis by green plants and is measured as the amount of biomass produced over a period of time. Such biomass becomes available for consumption to heterotrophs.