Question:medium

Which element from following is a soft element?

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Group 12 elements ($\mathrm{Zn}$, $\mathrm{Cd}$, $\mathrm{Hg}$) have a completely filled $\mathrm{d}$ subshell ($\mathrm{d^{10}}$). This limits their metallic bonding capability, making them much softer and giving them drastically lower melting and boiling points compared to neighboring transition metals.
Updated On: Jun 11, 2026
  • $\mathrm{Mn}$
  • $\mathrm{Zn}$
  • $\mathrm{Co}$
  • $\mathrm{Ni}$
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The Correct Option is B

Solution and Explanation

Step 1: Link hardness to bonding electrons.
A transition metal is hard when both its $s$ and unpaired $d$ electrons join in metallic bonding, locking the lattice tightly.
Step 2: Spot the soft case.
If the $d$ subshell is completely filled, those $d$ electrons stay paired and tightly held and cannot help bond, so the metal turns soft.
Step 3: Write the configurations.
$Mn$ is $[Ar]3d^5 4s^2$, $Co$ is $[Ar]3d^7 4s^2$, $Ni$ is $[Ar]3d^8 4s^2$, all with unpaired $d$ electrons available for bonding.
Step 4: Examine zinc.
$Zn$ is $[Ar]3d^{10} 4s^2$, with a fully filled $3d$ subshell.
Step 5: Reason out the softness.
Since zinc's $3d$ shell is complete, only its two $4s$ electrons bond. Weak metallic bonding makes zinc soft, malleable and low melting compared with $Mn$, $Co$ and $Ni$.
Step 6: Conclude.
The soft element is zinc, option (B).
\[ \boxed{Zn \text{ (option B)}} \]
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