What is the primary source of law in modern times?

Question

The concept of per se disqualification is unknown to the Constitution. Any decision as to the disqualification proceedings under the Tenth Schedule must be taken after following the due process of law and the principles of natural justice. A member incurs disqualification only after adjudication by the Speaker. The procedure for the adjudication of disqualification petitions is prescribed under the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (Disqualification on Ground of Defection) Rules 1986. The MLAs facing disqualification retain the right to participate in the proceedings of the House and vote on resolutions. Article 189(2) of the Constitution provides that any proceedings of the House are not invalid even if it is subsequently discovered that persons who were not entitled to participate or vote or otherwise take part in the proceedings, did so. In Pratap Gouda Patil v. State of Karnataka and Speaker, Haryana Vidhan Sabha v. Kuldeep Bishnoi, this Court observed that members should not be stopped from taking part in the proceedings of the House merely because disqualification proceedings were pending against them
Prior to the deletion of Paragraph 3 of the Tenth Schedule, the Speaker’s enquiry as to the existence of a split within a political party was limited to a prima facie determination for deciding the disqualification proceedings. As a result of the deletion of Paragraph 3, the authority of the Speaker to form even a prima facie opinion regarding a split within a political party has been removed. Upon the deletion of Paragraph 3, the only defence for disqualification proceedings under the Tenth Schedule are that of a merge under Paragraph 4. The Election Commission of India is the sole authority empowered to decide disputes between rival factions of a political party according to the provisions of the Symbols Order.
[Extracted from Subhash Desai v. Principal Secretary, Governor of Maharashtra (2023)]

Answer 1

Step 1: Identify historical sources of law.
In ancient times, Custom was the primary source of law - communities lived by unwritten rules passed down through generations; religion, equity, and judicial precedent later supplemented custom as legal systems evolved.
Step 2: Identify the primary source in modern times.
In the modern state, Legislation (Acts passed by Parliament or State Legislatures) is the primary source of law; it is clear, codified, carries sovereign authority, and supersedes custom and precedent when conflicts arise.
Step 3: Eliminate other options and confirm.
Precedent, Custom, and Equity are secondary or supplementary sources today; Legislation is the dominant and primary source in all modern legal systems including India, making option (3) the correct answer.
\[ \boxed{\text{Legislation}} \]

What is the primary source of law in modern times?

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The Correct Option is C

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