Step 1: The stem is asking which pharmacological construct displays how a population's response varies as the dose is changed. That is fundamentally a dose-versus-effect mapping.
Step 2: The dose-response curve, in its quantal form, is built precisely to show inter-individual variation: by graphing the cumulative percentage of subjects who respond at each dose level, it exposes the spread of sensitivity across people. This is why it is the right choice.
Step 3: The therapeutic index condenses safety into a single numeric ratio between effective and toxic doses and does not portray the distribution of individual responses.
Step 4: Bioavailability quantifies the systemic fraction of a dose (a kinetic measure), and phase 1 studies are early small-scale human safety evaluations; neither maps graded population sensitivity to dose. Hence the dose-response curve is the answer.
\[\boxed{\text{Dose response curve}}\]