State any three characteristics of electromagnetic waves.
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Displacement current is not a real current of moving charges; it accounts for the changing electric field in regions like the gap between capacitor plates and ensures current continuity in Maxwell's equations.
Electromagnetic (EM) waves are transverse waves. They consist of oscillating
electric and magnetic fields that are mutually perpendicular to each other
and to the direction of propagation.
Electromagnetic waves do not require a material medium for propagation and
can travel through a vacuum.
In a vacuum, electromagnetic waves propagate with a constant speed denoted
by c, equal to
\( 3 \times 10^8 \, \text{m/s} \).