Step 1: Understand the task. This is a collocation match: each verb in Column I pairs with the noun it most naturally goes with in Column II. Step 2: Match Conduct. In English we naturally say conduct a study, so Conduct pairs with option $2$, giving $A\to 2$. Step 3: Match Refute. We commonly say refute an argument, so Refute pairs with option $4$, giving $B\to 4$. Step 4: Match Propose. The usual phrase is propose a theory, so Propose pairs with option $1$, giving $C\to 1$. Step 5: Match Analyze. We naturally say analyze data, so Analyze pairs with option $3$, giving $D\to 3$. Step 6: Assemble the matching. Collecting the pairs gives $A\text{-}2, B\text{-}4, C\text{-}1, D\text{-}3$. \[ \boxed{\text{A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3}} \]
