Question

Match the LIST-I with LIST-II 

Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 
 

• A. A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV
• B. A - I, B - III, C - II, D - IV
• C. A - I, B - II, C - IV, D - III
• D. A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II

Hint:

For theory-matching questions in criminology, some pairs are fundamental to remember: Sutherland with Differential Association, Becker with Labelling Theory, and Lombroso with the Positive School. Knowing these key pairs can help you solve complex matching questions by elimination.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is B

Step 1: Overview: This question tests your ability to link significant criminological and philosophical theories with their originators. Step 2: Breakdown: Match each theory from LIST-I with its corresponding author in LIST-II.
A. Four Laws of Association: The Greek philosopher I. Aristotle formulated the initial laws of association (contiguity, frequency, similarity, and contrast), explaining how ideas connect in the mind. These laws influenced later associationist theories in psychology and criminology.
B. Theory of Differential Association: This key criminology theory posits that criminal behavior is learned through social interaction. It was proposed by III. Sutherland (Edwin Sutherland).
C. Theory of Labelling: This theory examines how societal responses, specifically labeling an act as 'deviant', can cause individuals to internalize that label and perpetuate deviant behavior. II. Howard Becker is a key sociologist associated with this theory.
D. Integrated Theory of Anti-social Behaviour: Integrated theories merge concepts to explain crime. One such theory was developed by IV. Mathew Robinson.
Step 3: Solution: The accurate matches are:
A $\rightarrow$ I
B $\rightarrow$ III
C $\rightarrow$ II
D $\rightarrow$ IV
This aligns with the option: A - I, B - III, C - II, D - IV.