Comprehension

Insects' lives are very diminutive and they have many enemies, but they must survive long enough to rear and perpetuate their kind. The less insect-like they look, the better their probability of survival. To look "uneatable" by resembling or imitating plants is a deceit widely practised by insects. Mammals hardly ever use this kind of camouflage, but many fish and invertebrates do.

The stick caterpillar is well named. It is hardly discernible from a brown or green twig. This caterpillar is quite familiar and can be found almost anywhere in North America. It is also called "measuring worm" or "inchworm." It walks by arching its body, than stretching out and grasping the branch with its front feet then looping its body again to bring the hind feet forward. When danger threatens, the stick caterpillar stretches its body away from the branch at an angle and remains rigid and still, like a twig, until the danger has passed.

Walking sticks, or stick insects, do not have to assume a rigid, twig-like pose to find protection; they look like inedible twigs in any position. There are many kinds of walking sticks, ranging in size from the few inches of the North American variety to some tropical species that may be over a foot long. When at rest their front legs are stretched out heightening their camouflage. Some of the tropical species are adorned with spines or ridges imitating the thorny bushes or trees in which they live. Leaves also seem to be a favorite object for insects to imitate. Many butterflies can suddenly disappear from view by folding their wings and sitting quietly among the foliage that they resemble.

Question: 1

What is the main theme of the passage?

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Look at what every paragraph of the passage has in common.
Updated On: Jul 21, 2026
  • Life cycle of insects
  • The feeding habits of insects
  • Camouflage techniques in insects
  • Mode of survival in mammals
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The Correct Option is C

Solution and Explanation

Step 1: Understanding the Question:
We need to find the central idea that ties together all three paragraphs of the passage.

Step 2: Key Formula or Approach:
To find the main theme, check what topic every paragraph, not just one, keeps coming back to.

Step 3: Detailed Explanation:
The first paragraph says insects look less insect-like to survive and calls this a form of deceit.
The second paragraph gives the stick caterpillar as an example, an insect that freezes like a twig when in danger.
The third paragraph gives walking sticks and butterflies as more examples, insects that look like twigs, thorny plants, or leaves.
All three paragraphs build on one single idea, insects disguising themselves to avoid being eaten.
Options about life cycle, feeding habits, and mammal survival do not appear anywhere in the passage.

Step 4: Final Answer:
The passage is about camouflage techniques in insects. This matches option (c).
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Question: 2

The word "camouflage" means to

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Think about what all the examples in the passage are doing to avoid predators.
Updated On: Jul 21, 2026
  • Conceal
  • Reveal
  • Divulge
  • Drop
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The Correct Option is A

Solution and Explanation

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
The passage uses "camouflage" to describe how insects hide from predators by looking like something else.

Step 2: Key Formula or Approach:
Read how the word is used in context. The stick caterpillar "remains rigid and still, like a twig, until the danger has passed" and walking sticks "look like inedible twigs." Both examples describe hiding, not showing off.

Step 3: Detailed Explanation:
If camouflage meant to reveal, divulge, or drop, none of these examples would make sense, since the insects in the passage are trying to stay unnoticed, not draw attention.
The common thread in every example is that the insect disguises its shape so predators cannot spot it.
The only word among the choices that matches disguising oneself from view is "conceal."

Step 4: Final Answer:
"Camouflage" means to conceal. This matches option (a).
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Question: 3

How does the stick caterpillar make itself look like a twig?

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Find the sentence about "when danger threatens" in the second paragraph.
Updated On: Jul 21, 2026
  • By looping itself around a stick
  • By holding its body stiff and motionless
  • By changing the color of its skin
  • By laying its body flat against a branch
Show Solution

The Correct Option is B

Solution and Explanation

Step 1: Understanding the Question:
We need the exact behavior the stick caterpillar uses to look like a twig when danger is near.

Step 2: Key Formula or Approach:
Locate the sentence in paragraph two of Passage IV that talks about danger, then match its wording to the options.

Step 3: Detailed Explanation:
The passage states: "When danger threatens, the stick caterpillar stretches its body away from the branch at an angle and remains rigid and still, like a twig, until the danger has passed."
This tells us two things happen together, the body stretches away from the branch, and it stays rigid and still.
Rigid and still means stiff and motionless, which is option (b).
Looping around a stick is mentioned earlier as the caterpillar's normal walking style, not its danger response, so option (a) is wrong.
Color change and lying flat against the branch are never mentioned anywhere in the passage, ruling out options (c) and (d).

Step 4: Final Answer:
The stick caterpillar looks like a twig by holding its body stiff and motionless. This matches option (b).
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Question: 4

Which of the following is not true of insect camouflage techniques?

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Check each option against the passage; four are stated directly, one is not mentioned at all.
Updated On: Jul 21, 2026
  • Insects look like inedible twigs in any position
  • Insects stretch out at rest their front legs
  • Insects are adorned with spines or ridges imitating the thorny bushes
  • Insects change color to make them invisible
Show Solution

The Correct Option is D

Solution and Explanation

Step 1: Understanding the Question:
This is a negative question, we must find the ONE statement that the passage does not support.

Step 2: Key Formula or Approach:
Check each option one by one against the passage. If a matching sentence exists in the text, the option is true and can be ruled out. If no such sentence exists, that option is the answer.

Step 3: Detailed Explanation:
Option (a) matches "they look like inedible twigs in any position."
Option (b) matches "when at rest their front legs are stretched out heightening their camouflage."
Option (c) matches "some of the tropical species are adorned with spines or ridges imitating the thorny bushes."
The fifth statement about folding wings among foliage matches "many butterflies can suddenly disappear from view by folding their wings and sitting quietly among the foliage."
Option (d), about insects changing color to become invisible, has no matching sentence anywhere in the passage. The passage never talks about color change at all.

Step 4: Final Answer:
The statement not supported by the passage is that insects change color to make them invisible. This matches option (d).
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Question: 5

Which of the following are favorite objects for butterflies to imitate?

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Look at the sentence right after "favorite object for insects to imitate."
Updated On: Jul 21, 2026
  • Twigs
  • Flowers
  • Thorny bushes
  • Leaves
Show Solution

The Correct Option is D

Solution and Explanation

Step 1: Understanding the Question:
We need to find what object butterflies imitate most, as stated in the third paragraph of Passage IV.

Step 2: Key Formula or Approach:
Find the sentence that names butterflies directly and see what object it connects them to.

Step 3: Detailed Explanation:
The passage first says, "Leaves also seem to be a favorite object for insects to imitate."
The very next sentence gives butterflies as the example, "Many butterflies can suddenly disappear from view by folding their wings and sitting quietly among the foliage that they resemble."
Foliage means leaves, so this sentence confirms butterflies imitate leaves.
Twigs belong to the stick caterpillar and walking sticks, and thorny bushes belong to tropical walking sticks, so options (a) and (c) describe different insects.
Flowers and grasses are never mentioned in the passage at all.

Step 4: Final Answer:
Butterflies favor imitating leaves. This matches option (e).
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Top Questions on Reading Comprehension

Questions Asked in IBSAT exam

Although cynics may like to see the government’s policy for women in terms of the party’s internal power struggles, it will nevertheless be churlish to deny that it represents a pioneering effort aimed at bringing about sweeping social reforms. In its language, scope and strategies, the policy document displays a degree of understanding of women’s needs that is uncommon in government pronouncements. This is due in large part to the participatory process that marked its formulation, seeking the active involvement right from the start of women’s groups, academic institutions and non-government organizations with grass roots experience.
The result is not just a lofty declaration of principles but a blueprint for a practical programme of action. The policy delineates a series of concrete measures to accord women a decision-making role in the political domain and greater control over their economic status. Of especially far-reaching impact are the devolution of control of economic infrastructure to women, notably at the gram panchayat level, and the amendments proposed in the Hindu Succession Act of 1956 to give women coparcenary rights.
 An enlightened aspect of the policy is its recognition that actual change in the status of women cannot be brought about by the mere enactment of socially progressive legislation. Accordingly, it focuses on reorienting development programmes and sensitizing administrations to address specific situations as, for instance, the growing number of households headed by women, which is a consequence of rural-urban migration. The proposal to create an equal-opportunity police force and give women greater control of police stations is an acknowledgement of the biases and callousness displayed by the generally all-male lawenforcement authorities in cases of dowry and domestic violence. While the mere enunciation of such a policy has the salutary effect of sensitizing the administration as a whole, it does not make the task of its implementation any easier. 
This is because the changes it envisages in the political and economic status of women strike at the root of power structures in society and the basis of man woman relationships. There is also the danger that reservation for women in public life, while necessary for their greater visibility, could lapse into tokenism or become a tool in the hands of vote seeking politicians. Much will depend on the dissemination of the policy and the ability of elected representatives and government agencies to reorder their priorities.
  • IBSAT
  • Reading Comprehension
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Generally, people experience stress in their day-to-day lives, but more than thirty million Americans suffer from something more intense than that. Anxiety disorders are the second-most-common mental health problem in the country, and they can be paralyzing. Sometimes, day-to-day stress and anxiety are hard to tell apart, but the easiest way to distinguish them is that stress is brought on by actual events, and then dissipates, whereas anxiety is a more pervasive worry, that often attaches itself to specific areas of your life, like your relationship, job or health, says psychologist Terry Mooney.
This anxiety does not dissipate, and in fact, it can increase to the level where it begins to change your behavior. That’s when it’s characterized as an anxiety disorder. Anxiety can keep you safe, helping you recognize danger, and cope with it, says Mooney. But if you begin to see danger lurking around every corner, or worry over and over again about the same events, then you might be dealing with something more substantial, like an anxiety disorder. 
People with anxiety disorders often begin to avoid activities or circumstances that make them anxious, said John Forsyth, associate professor of Psychology at the State University of New York at Albany and director of the Anxiety Disorders Research Programme at the university. People may stop driving, or stop going to parties. They may stop travelling or even avoid leaving the house. It’s this curtailing of activities that causes the suffering, Forsyth said, making you feel that ‘life is shrinking around you.’
 Anxiety disorders come in a variety of forms and manifest themselves in different ways. Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by ongoing worry about everyday tasks, even when there is no clear reason to worry. People with social anxiety disorder experience intense worry over social interactions, and often feel judged by people or worry that they will embarrass themselves. Post-traumatic stress disorder, which is characterized by people re-living a frightening event over and over again, is also considered an anxiety disorder. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is when people take on obsessive rituals that help them maintain the illusion of control. Often repetitive in nature, obsessive compulsive rituals can include cleaning, checking and rechecking something, counting or endlessly reviewing conversations in their mind. Treatment is available for anxiety disorders. People can use a variety of approaches, including therapy, medication and exercise.
  • IBSAT
  • Reading Comprehension
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I am the family face; flesh perishes. I live on, projecting trait and trace through time to times anon, and leaping from place to place over oblivion.
So wrote Thomas Hardy in his poem, Heredity, describing direct descent of life from one generation to the next. Indeed, the poem reflects the DNA in our genome. Dr.Drew Endy of MIT quoted this when he described how people at the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI) bypass nature’s constraint of direct descent. Scientists there have used chemistry and biochemistry to produce the first synthetic genome in the laboratory. They chemically synthesized many fragments of the DNA, encoding the 582,970-units-long genome of a bacterium called Mycoplasma genitalium. Next, they assembled these fragments in perfect order to generate the genome of the bacterium.
The DNA sequence of the synthetic one was confirmed to be identical to the natural one. While the DNA pieces were synthesized chemically, the stitching together was done using the biochemical machinery of a host cell. About 100 pieces of the genome, each 5000-7000 units long in DNA sequence, were first joined to produce 25 sub-assemblies, each about 24000 base pairs long. These were then introduced into the bacterium E. coli to produce sufficient DNA for the next steps. Next, they repeated the procedure to generate large fragments comprising l/4th of the whole genome of M.genitalium.
Now, they used the clever trick of exploiting the process called homologous recombination. This is a basic essential process in every cell, which physically rearranges the two strands of DN The JCVI researchers inserted the synthesized DNA fragments into yeast and utilized its homologous recombination ability to generate the whole 580,000 long genome of M.genitalium in one step. 
This is clearly a landmark work that leads into the brave new world of synthesizing life itself in the laboratory. It was hardly 200 years ago when Friedrich Wohler synthesized urea, an organic molecule, in the chemical laboratory, thus throwing out the notion of ‘vital forces’ involved in the components of living organisms. What is the next step, making life itself in the lab, bypassing nature? With single cell organisms like M.genitalium, it might not be far away. It is now possible in the lab to do so, by inserting the genome into a ‘host’ cell and asking the latter to make the bacterium of your choice. If only we find a way to insert the bacterial genome into this proto-cell, and somehow trigger it to make the bacterium itself! We would have chemically created life in the la This is not a pipedream; JCVI scientists are already on the job, and my bet is they will do it within a few years. 
This surely raises ethical questions, a matter that JCVI is keenly aware of and is already engaged in with ethicists. Even their present work on M.genitalium was done with prior approval of ethical experts. But then, today it is M.genitalium, tomorrow it could be a more advanced, multi-cellular organism, and that could flummox even the ethicist. Assisted reproduction, which is the other side of the coin and truly a recently initiated technology, has become ethically and morally acceptable. Cloning of Dolly, the sheep, has not raised any outrage, but cloning a human certainly does.
  • IBSAT
  • Reading Comprehension
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