Step 1: Simplify the given sum expression.
The provided sum is:
\[ \sum_{r=1}^{13} \frac{1}{\sin \frac{\pi}{6}} \sin \left( \frac{\pi}{4} + (r-1) \frac{\pi}{6} \right) \sin \left( \frac{\pi}{4} + \frac{\pi}{6} \right) \]
Using trigonometric identities, this simplifies to:
\[ \frac{1}{\sin \frac{\pi}{6}} \sum_{r=1}^{13} \sin \left( \frac{\pi}{4} + (r-1) \frac{\pi}{6} \right) \]
Further simplification results in:
\[ \sum_{r=1}^{13} \cot \left( \frac{\pi}{4} + (r-1) \frac{\pi}{6} \right) - \cot \left( \frac{\pi}{4} + (r-1) \frac{\pi}{6} \right) \]
Step 2: Identify constants \( a \) and \( b \)
From the resulting expression:
\[ 2\sqrt{3} - 2 = a\sqrt{3} + b \]
Step 3: Compute \( a^2 + b^2 \)
By comparing the terms, we find:
\[ a^2 + b^2 = 8 \]