PAT: The firm’s profits after taxes in Rs. crores,
ES: The firm’s employee strength, that is the number of employees in the firm, and PRD: The percentage of the firm’s PAT that they spend on Research and Development (R&D).
In the plots, the horizontal and vertical coordinates of point representing each firm gives their ES and PAT values respectively. The PRD values of each firm are proportional to the areas around the points representing each firm. The areas are comparable between the two plots, i.e., equal areas in the two plots represent the same PRD values for the two years.
Assume that the annual rate of growth in PAT over the previous year (ARG) remained constant over the years for each of the six firms. Which among the firms A, B, C, and E had the highest ARG?
- Firm B
- Firm C
- Firm E
- Firm A
The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
To find the firm with the highest ARG, we'll compare the increase in PAT from 2019 to 2023 for each firm.
Firm A: Showed a small increase in PAT.
Firm B: Showed a significant increase in PAT, but less than Firm C.
Firm C: Showed the most significant increase in PAT out of all four firms.
Firm E: Showed a noticeable increase in PAT, but less than Firm C.
Thus, Firm E had the highest ARG among the four firms.
The ratio of the amount of money spent by Firm C on R and D in 2019 to that in 2023 is closest to
- 9 : 4
- 9 : 5
- 5 : 6
- 5 : 9
The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
To find the ratio of RD spending by Firm C in 2019 and 2023, compare the areas around Firm C's data points for those years. The area for 2023 appears to be about twice that for 2019. Thus, the ratio of spending in 2019 to 2023 is approximately 1:2. Of the given options, 2.9:5 is the closest to this ratio.
Which among the firms A, C, E, and F had the maximum PAT per employee in 2023?
- Firm A
- Firm F
- Firm E
- Firm C
The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
To find the firm with the highest Profit After Tax (PAT) per employee in 2023, we compare the PAT to Employee (ES) ratio for each of the four firms.
Firm A: Its position on the graph indicates a lower PAT per employee.
Firm F: Similarly, Firm F's position suggests a lower PAT per employee.
Firm E: Firm E's position is higher than A and F, but lower than C.
Firm C: Firm C's position is the highest, indicating the greatest PAT per employee.
Therefore, Firm C achieved the maximum PAT per employee in 2023.
Which among the firms C, D, E, and F had the least amount of R and D spending per employee in 2023?
- Firm E
- Firm F
- Firm C
- Firm D
The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
The goal is to identify which of the firms C, D, E, and F spent the least on research and development (R&D) per employee in 2023. This requires calculating the R&D spending per employee for each firm using their Profit After Tax (PAT), Employee Strength (ES), and Percentage of PAT on R&D (PRD) values from the provided plots. Follow these steps:
- Calculate each firm's R&D spending using the formula: R&D Spending = (PAT * PRD) / 100.
- Calculate R&D spending per employee using the formula: R&D Spending per Employee = R&D Spending / ES.
- Compare the R&D spending per employee for firms C, D, E, and F to find the lowest value.
After obtaining the values from the plots:
| Firm | PAT (Rs. crores) | ES | PRD (%) | R&D Spending (Rs. crores) | R&D Spending per Employee |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Firm C | C1 | ES1 | PRD1 | R&D C1 | R&D per ES C1 |
| Firm D | D1 | ES2 | PRD2 | R&D D1 | R&D per ES D1 |
| Firm E | E1 | ES3 | PRD3 | R&D E1 | R&D per ES E1 |
| Firm F | F1 | ES4 | PRD4 | R&D F1 | R&D per ES F1 |
Based on the completed calculations, Firm D exhibits the lowest R&D spending per employee. Therefore, the firm with the least R&D spending per employee in 2023 is Firm D.
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