Question

(a) Explain any four characteristics of planning.
OR
(b) Explain any four points of importance of decentralisation.

Hint:

Planning is “what to do” in advance; decentralisation is “who decides” — both support effective management.

Answer 1

(a) Four Characteristics of Planning:

• Objective-Oriented: All planning aims to achieve specific goals.
• Primary Function: Planning precedes other management functions.
• Pervasive: It is necessary at all management levels and in all departments.
• Futuristic: Planning is forward-looking, relying on forecasting.

(b) Four Benefits of Decentralisation:

• Reduces Top Management Burden: Delegation of operational decisions lightens senior executives' workload.
• Accelerates Decision-Making: Decisions are made at the point of action.
• Boosts Motivation: Enhances autonomy and accountability for lower-level managers.
• Supports Expansion: Independent functioning of units/departments facilitates organizational growth.

Final Answer: Explanation of planning characteristics and decentralisation benefits provided.