Write the stepwise mechanism of nucleophilic addition reactions in the carbonyl compounds.
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In nucleophilic addition reactions, the nucleophile adds to the electrophilic carbonyl carbon, forming a tetrahedral intermediate that is protonated to yield the product.
In nucleophilic addition reactions, a nucleophile targets the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of aldehydes or ketones. The mechanism proceeds in three steps:
Step 1: A nucleophile (e.g., hydride ion, alkoxide, Grignard reagent) attacks the carbonyl carbon of the aldehyde or ketone. This breaks the double bond and generates a tetrahedral intermediate. Step 2: The intermediate undergoes protonation, typically by a water molecule or other proton donor, yielding the final addition product. Step 3: The final addition product, following protonation, is a carbonyl addition product, such as an alcohol. For instance, using a hydride (H$^-$) as the nucleophile results in an alcohol.
