In Indian classical music, instruments are traditionally classified by their sound production method. This ancient classification, originating from the Natya Shastra, has four primary categories:
1. Tat Vadya (String Instruments):
Sound is generated by plucking, bowing, or striking strings.
Examples: Veena, Violin, Tanpura, Sitar.
2. Sushira Vadya (Wind Instruments):
Sound is produced by blowing air into the instrument.
Examples: Flute, Nadaswaram, Shehnai.
3. Avanaddha Vadya (Percussion Instruments):
These instruments feature struck, stretched membranes.
Examples: Mridangam, Tabla, Kanjira.
4. Ghana Vadya (Solid Instruments):
Sound is produced from solid-body instruments when struck.
Examples: Jalra, Ghatam, Manjira.
Modern Perspective:
Currently, instruments are also classified by their performance role as melody, rhythm, or accompanying instruments.