Basic Construction: A transformer is made of two insulated wire coils, the primary winding and the secondary winding, wrapped around a laminated soft iron core. This core facilitates the magnetic flux path.
Working Principle: Transformers function based on mutual induction:
An alternating voltage applied to the primary winding causes an alternating current, which generates an alternating magnetic flux in the iron core.
This fluctuating magnetic flux interacts with the secondary winding, inducing an alternating electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the secondary coil, as described by Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
The voltage is either increased or decreased based on the turns ratio of the primary and secondary coils.
The voltage relationship is expressed as:
\[
\frac{V_s}{V_p} = \frac{N_s}{N_p}
\]
where \(V_s\) and \(V_p\) represent the secondary and primary voltages, respectively, and \(N_s\) and \(N_p\) are the number of turns on the secondary and primary coils.
