Step 1: Read the question.
We must name who translated Vande Mataram into English.
Step 2: Recall the origin of the song.
Vande Mataram was composed by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee in his novel Anandamath (1882) in Sanskritised Bengali.
Step 3: Separate composer from translator.
Option B refers to B. C. Chatterjee, who is the composer, not the translator, so that does not answer the question.
Step 4: Recall the translator.
Sri Aurobindo Ghosh rendered the song into English around 1909, famously as Mother, I bow to thee.
Step 5: Rule out the others.
Mahatma Gandhi and Subhas Chandra Bose were freedom leaders but were not the translators of this song.
Step 6: State the answer.
The translator was Sri Aurobindo Ghosh, option C.
\[ \boxed{\text{Sri Aurobindo Ghosh}} \]