Question

Who among the following political thinkers considered the state of nature as "war of every man against every man"?

• A. Thomas Hobbes
• B. John Locke
• C. J. J. Rousseau
• D. Machiavelli

Hint:

Hobbes’ view of the state of nature is characterized by constant conflict, which leads to the need for a powerful sovereign to establish peace.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is A

Step 1: Understanding Hobbes' State of Nature.
Thomas Hobbes, in *Leviathan*, characterized the state of nature as a perpetual conflict where individuals exist in a "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" condition. The absence of governing authority results in a constant "war of every man against every man."
Step 2: Evaluating the Options.
- (1) Thomas Hobbes: Correct. Hobbes is renowned for his description of the state of nature as a "war of every man against every man."
- (2) John Locke: Incorrect. Locke envisioned a more peaceful and egalitarian state of nature, emphasizing natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
- (3) J. J. Rousseau: Incorrect. Rousseau considered the state of nature a tranquil and utopian period preceding society and private ownership.
- (4) Machiavelli: Incorrect. While Machiavelli addressed power and the state, he did not frame his analysis around the concept of a "war of every man against every man."
Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct response is (1) Thomas Hobbes.