cDNA cloning, previously crucial for gene expression studies and recombinant DNA production, is now largely supplanted by modern techniques such as high-throughput sequencing and RNA-seq. These advanced methods offer more comprehensive and efficient transcriptome analysis.
| List-I | List-II |
| A. Abscisic acid | I. Promotes female flowers in cucumber |
| B. Ethylene | II. Helps seeds to withstand desiccation |
| C. Gibberellin | III. Helps in nutrient mobilisation |
| D. Cytokinin | IV. Promotes bolting in beet, cabbage etc |
| List-I | List-II |
| A. ETS Complex I | I. NADH Dehydrogenase |
| B. ETS Complex II | IV. Succinate Dehydrogenase |
| C. ETS Complex III | II. Cytochrome bc1 |
| D. ETS Complex IV | III. Cytochrome C oxidase |