Question:medium

Which one of the listed authors stated "Landforms achieve equilibrium between resisting forces and driving forces"?

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In geomorphology, several pioneers proposed different ideas about how landforms develop.
Updated On: Jun 16, 2026
  • Davis (1840)
  • Penk (1845)
  • Gilbert (1918)
  • Horton (1945)
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The Correct Option is C

Solution and Explanation

Step 1: Understand the idea in the quote.
The statement says landforms reach a balance, an equilibrium, between forces that resist erosion and forces that drive it. This is an equilibrium or dynamic balance idea.

Step 2: Recall Davis.
Davis is famous for the cycle of erosion, the youth-maturity-old age model, not for the equilibrium idea.

Step 3: Recall Penck.
Penck linked landforms to the rate of uplift versus erosion, a different emphasis.

Step 4: Recall Horton.
Horton is known for the laws of stream ordering and drainage networks, not equilibrium of forces.

Step 5: Recall Gilbert.
G. K. Gilbert proposed that landforms tend toward a balance between resisting and driving forces, the equilibrium concept named in the quote.

Step 6: Choose the answer.
The author is Gilbert (1918), option 3.
\[ \boxed{\text{Gilbert (1918)}} \]
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