During the 16th and 17th centuries, tribal kingdoms significantly impacted the Mughal Empire. These included:
- The Ahoms in Assam (II), who resisted Mughal incursions and influenced Mughal expansion in the northeast.
- The Koch in Bengal (III), whose dynasty maintained close ties with the Mughals, contributing to their political sway in Bengal.
- The Kols in Singhbhum (IV), who were integral to Mughal administration and also participated in rebellions during the period.