Step 1: Concept Definition:
A social movement is a form of group action. These are extensive, often informal, collectives of individuals or organizations focused on particular political or social issues. The query seeks to identify what is not a characteristic element.
Step 2: Detailed Analysis:
- Sustained Collective Effort: This is a fundamental characteristic. Social movements are not isolated incidents; they involve continuous, prolonged collective action aimed at initiating or resisting change.
- Organizational Level: To maintain activity, some degree of organization is required. This can range from informal networks to formal structures, but organization is always present for coordinating actions and resources.
- Leadership and Structure: Social movements typically possess leaders who articulate objectives and mobilize support, along with a structure guiding their operations.
- Governmental and State Endorsement: This is not a mandatory attribute. Indeed, many social movements arise specifically to contest or protest government policies, actions, or inactions. They frequently operate independently of and in opposition to established state mechanisms. While governmental backing may eventually be secured, it is neither a prerequisite nor a defining aspect.
Step 3: Conclusion:
Endorsement by the government and state is not a defining characteristic of a social movement.