Question

Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for the development of COPD?

• A. Increased use of biomass fuel
• B. Tobacco smoking
• C. Increasing age
• D. Exposure to noxious fumes at occupational settings
• E.

Hint:

While some risk factors for COPD can be modified, like smoking and exposure to fumes, aging remains an unavoidable risk factor.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is C

Step 1: Identify non-modifiable risk factors for COPD.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is influenced by various risk factors. These include modifiable factors, such as smoking, and non-modifiable factors, which cannot be altered or avoided.
Step 2: Evaluate the provided options.
- (1) Increased use of biomass fuel: Incorrect. This is a modifiable risk factor, as exposure can be reduced.
- (2) Tobacco smoking: Incorrect. Smoking is a primary modifiable risk factor for COPD.
- (3) Increasing age: Correct. Aging is a non-modifiable risk factor, as lung function naturally declines over time.
- (4) Exposure to noxious fumes at occupational settings: Incorrect. This is a modifiable risk factor, as workplace exposure can be minimized.
Step 3: Final determination.
Option (3) is the correct answer because increasing age is a non-modifiable risk factor for COPD.