Question:hard

Which of the following assumptions is/are valid for electromagnetic induction to happen in the Earth?

Show Hint

MT/EM induction theory uses the quasi-static (diffusion) approximation, which means displacement currents are dropped, not retained.
Updated On: Jul 21, 2026
  • Plane-wave approximation of the inducing field
  • Displacement currents are not neglected
  • Earth behaves as Ohmic conductor due to conservation of charge
  • Earth does not generate electromagnetic energy, but only absorbs or dissipates it
Show Solution

The Correct Option is A, C, D

Solution and Explanation

Start directly from Maxwell's equations in a conducting Earth:

\[\nabla\times \mathbf{H} = \mathbf{J} + \frac{\partial \mathbf{D}}{\partial t}, \qquad \nabla\times \mathbf{E} = -\frac{\partial \mathbf{B}}{\partial t}\]

For typical MT frequencies (roughly \(10^{-4}\) to \(10^{4}\) Hz) and Earth conductivities (roughly \(10^{-4}\) to \(10^{2}\) S/m), the ratio of displacement current to conduction current, \(\omega\epsilon/\sigma\), works out to about \(10^{-6}\) or smaller. This lets us drop the \(\partial\mathbf{D}/\partial t\) term entirely, turning the induction equation into a purely diffusive one rather than a wave equation. This directly falsifies option (B): displacement currents are, in fact, neglected, not retained.

Because the ionospheric current systems that generate the natural field sit hundreds of kilometres above the surface - far beyond the skin depths of interest - the incident field looks, locally, like a uniform plane wave striking the Earth from above. This validates (A).

Since the Earth is a passive, source-free medium at these frequencies (it carries no internal EMF), all the field energy is externally imposed and is dissipated resistively; the Earth never creates energy of its own. This validates (D).

Finally, combining \(\nabla\cdot\mathbf{J}=-\partial\rho_f/\partial t\) with Ohm's law \(\mathbf{J}=\sigma\mathbf{E}\) shows that any free charge inside a conductor decays with a relaxation time \(\epsilon/\sigma\) that is vanishingly small for Earth materials - charge cannot accumulate, so the medium behaves as a pure Ohmic conductor. This validates (C).

Hence the valid assumptions are (A), (C) and (D) - options 1, 3 and 4.

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