Question

Which of the following are the key elements of the modern approaches to development administration derived from the works of Reger, Korten, Klaus, etal:
(A). Self reliance and independence
(B). Focus on secrecy and non-involvement of the State
(C). People's participation and empowerment efforts of individuals, groups and communities
(D). Capitalization and foreign dependence
(E). Emphasizes the local resource mobilization and use
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

• A. (A), (B) and (C) only.
• B. (B), (C) and (D) only.
• C. (A), (C) and (E) only.
• D. (A), (D) and (E) only.

Hint:

When thinking about 'modern' vs. 'traditional' development administration, associate 'modern' with keywords like \textbf{participation, empowerment, sustainability, self-reliance, and bottom-up}. Associate 'traditional' with \textbf{top-down, state-centric, bureaucracy, and foreign aid dependency}.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is C

Step 1: Modern Development Administration Overview:
Since the 1970s and 80s, modern development administration has evolved. It now favors people-centric, participatory, and sustainable approaches, departing from top-down, state-focused models. David Korten is a notable proponent of these alternative strategies.

Step 2: Element Analysis:


(A) Self-reliance and Independence: This is fundamental. It stresses building local capacity and lessening reliance on external aid, supporting bottom-up development. This is a key element.
(B) Focus on Secrecy and Non-involvement of the State: This contrasts with modern approaches. Modern administration emphasizes transparency, accountability, and appropriate state involvement, not secrecy or non-involvement.
(C) People's Participation and Empowerment: This is a crucial characteristic. It prioritizes community involvement in project planning and execution for relevance and sustainability. This is a key element.
(D) Capitalization and Foreign Dependence: This reflects older modernization theories, which modern approaches criticize. Modern approaches aim to reduce, not increase, foreign dependence.
(E) Local Resource Mobilization and Use: This directly relates to self-reliance. Modern approaches advocate for using local resources (human and material) as the primary driver of development. This is a key element.

Step 3: Correct Combination:
The key elements of modern approaches are (A), (C), and (E).

Step 4: Final Answer:
The correct option containing these three elements is (C).