Question

Which of the following 3d transition metal has +5 state as the more stable state?

• A. Titanium
• B. Vanadium
• C. Manganese
• D. Nickel
• E. Silver

Hint:

Vanadium can show +2, +3, +4, and +5 states, but +5 is a hallmark stability.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is B

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
This question asks about the stability of different oxidation states for 3d transition metals. The stability of an oxidation state is often related to the electron configuration of the ion formed, with configurations like half-filled or fully-filled d-orbitals being particularly stable.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
Let's analyze the electron configurations and common oxidation states for the given metals: - (A) Titanium (Ti): Atomic number 22. Configuration: [Ar] 3d\(^2\) 4s\(^2\). Titanium loses its 4 valence electrons to form the Ti\(^{4+}\) ion, which has a noble gas configuration ([Ar]). The +4 oxidation state is the most stable and common for Titanium. The +5 state is not possible as it only has 4 valence electrons. - (B) Vanadium (V): Atomic number 23. Configuration: [Ar] 3d\(^3\) 4s\(^2\). Vanadium has 5 valence electrons. By losing all of them, it can form the V\(^{5+}\) ion, which has a noble gas configuration ([Ar]). This +5 oxidation state (e.g., in V\(_2\)O\(_5\)) is the highest and most stable oxidation state for Vanadium. - (C) Manganese (Mn): Atomic number 25. Configuration: [Ar] 3d\(^5\) 4s\(^2\). Manganese has 7 valence electrons and exhibits a wide range of oxidation states, from +2 to +7. The Mn\(^{2+}\) state is very stable because it has a half-filled d-orbital configuration (3d\(^5\)). The +7 state (in KMnO\(_4\)) is also common but is a strong oxidizing agent, implying it is not the most stable. While +5 exists, it is less common and stable than +2, +4, and +7. - (D) Nickel (Ni): Atomic number 28. Configuration: [Ar] 3d\(^8\) 4s\(^2\). The most common and stable oxidation state for Nickel is +2 (forming Ni\(^{2+}\) with a 3d\(^8\) configuration). Higher oxidation states like +3 and +4 are rare and unstable. +5 is not observed. - (E) Silver (Ag): This is a 4d transition metal, not a 3d metal. Its configuration is [Kr] 4d\(^{10}\) 5s\(^1\). Its most common and stable oxidation state is +1. Comparing the options, Vanadium is the element for which the +5 oxidation state is particularly significant and stable, as it corresponds to losing all its valence electrons to achieve a noble gas configuration.
Step 4: Final Answer:
Vanadium has the +5 state as its more stable state among the choices.