Step 1: The figure traces a disease from before exposure right through to its outcome, which is the definition of the natural history of disease.
Step 2: Capturing this whole untreated sequence requires following people forward in time, exactly what a longitudinal cohort study does.
Step 3: A cross sectional survey only photographs one instant and cannot show progression. Randomized controlled and other interventional designs deliberately alter the course with treatment, so they cannot reveal the untreated timeline.
Step 4: Therefore the appropriate study design to map this timeline is a cohort study.
\[\boxed{\text{Cohort Study}}\]