Question:easy

What is the mode of infection (route of entry into the human host) of Necator americanus (New World hookworm)?

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Think barefoot in soil: hookworm filariform larvae bore through skin.
Updated On: Jun 25, 2026
  • Skin penetration by filariform larvae
  • Ingestion of embryonated eggs
  • Bite of an infected female sandfly
  • Ingestion of undercooked pork containing cysts
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The Correct Option is A

Solution and Explanation

Necator americanus, the New World hookworm, is a soil-transmitted helminth whose infective form is the filariform (third-stage, L3) larva that develops in warm moist soil from eggs shed in stool. The single accepted portal of entry is active percutaneous penetration — the larva drills through unbroken skin, typically of the foot in people walking barefoot.

Once in, the larva follows the heart-lung migration: skin venule $\rightarrow$ right heart $\rightarrow$ pulmonary capillaries $\rightarrow$ alveoli $\rightarrow$ bronchi/trachea $\rightarrow$ swallowed $\rightarrow$ small intestine, where it matures into a blood-sucking adult and produces chronic iron-deficiency anaemia.

Contrast: Ancylostoma duodenale can additionally be acquired orally, but Necator is acquired only by the transcutaneous route. Egg ingestion ($\rightarrow$ Ascaris/Trichuris), sandfly bite ($\rightarrow$ Leishmania), and cyst-containing pork ($\rightarrow$ Taenia) are routes for entirely different organisms.

\[\boxed{\text{Necator americanus infects by skin penetration of filariform larvae}}\]
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