Question

Variations caused by mutation, as proposed by Hugo de Vries, are:

• A. random and directional
• B. random and directionless
• C. small and directional
• D. small and directionless

Answer 1

The Correct Option is B

The question is about variations caused by mutations as proposed by the biologist Hugo de Vries. In the context of evolutionary biology, Hugo de Vries introduced the concept of mutation as a source of genetic variation, essential for evolution.

Here is a step-by-step explanation:

1. Understanding Mutations: A mutation is a sudden change in the genetic material of an organism, which can lead to variations within a population. These variations can be passed on to subsequent generations.
2. De Vries' Theory: According to Hugo de Vries, mutations are spontaneous and occur randomly. This randomness means they do not follow any particular direction or pattern with respect to fitness advantages or disadvantages.
3. Characteristic of Mutations: Based on de Vries' theory, mutations are:
   • **Random:** They occur without any predictable pattern or cause.
   • **Directionless:** They do not favor any particular outcome in terms of the organism's adaptation or fitness.
4. Examining the Provided Options:
   • **Random and directional:** Incorrect, as mutations do not have an inherent direction.
   • **Random and directionless:** Correct, aligning with de Vries' characterization of mutations.
   • **Small and directional:** Incorrect, as mutations are not limited to small changes or any particular direction.
   • **Small and directionless:** Incorrect, as it is not specified that mutations are necessarily small.

Therefore, the correct answer is that variations caused by mutation, as proposed by Hugo de Vries, are random and directionless.