Step 1: Understanding Public Interest Litigation (PIL).
Public Interest Litigation (PIL) is a legal mechanism that allows individuals or groups to approach courts for issues affecting the public at large. It has been liberalized to encourage more accessibility, and courts are more willing to entertain these cases even if the person approaching the court is not directly affected.
Step 2: Explanation of the Options.
- (a) PIL has liberalized the standing requirements (locus standi) so that even those not directly affected can file petitions.
- (b) PIL proceedings are often non-adversarial, meaning they do not follow the typical confrontation between two parties but focus on the public interest.
- (c) Procedural requirements are relaxed in PIL to facilitate easier access to justice for public causes.
Step 3: Conclusion.
All of these elements are part of PIL, making (d) the correct answer.