Question

The imperial karkhanas

Bernier is perhaps the only historian who provides a detailed account of the working of the imperial karkhanas or workshops:

Large halls are seen at many places, called karkhanas or workshops for the artisans. In one hall, embroiderers are busily employed, superintended by a master. In another, you see the goldsmiths; in a third, painters; in a fourth, varnishers in lacquer-work; in a fifth, joiners, turners, tailors and shoe-makers; in a sixth, manufacturers of silk, brocade and fine muslins …

The artisans come every morning to their karkhanas where they remain employed the whole day; and in the evening return to their homes. In this quiet regular manner, their time glides away; no one aspiring for any improvement in the condition of life wherein he happens to be born.

Analyse the relationship between the Mughal empire and its artisans.

Hint:

Artisans were vital to the empire’s cultural and economic strength but lacked freedom and mobility.

Answer 1

The Mughal empire established a structured and dependent relationship with its artisans. These artisans were employed full-time in imperial karkhanas, working under supervision to guarantee quality and uniformity. While this system offered stable employment, Bernier observed limited social mobility and personal freedom for the artisans. This indicates a hierarchical, controlled setting where the Mughal state profited from artisan labor but provided minimal opportunities for their progress.