(i) Thallium (Tl) exhibits a greater first ionization enthalpy than gallium (Ga) and aluminum (Al) because the lanthanide contraction leads to an elevated effective nuclear charge, thereby augmenting ionization energy.
(ii) Analogously, the scandide contraction elevates gallium's ionization energy above that of aluminum, attributable to a comparable surge in effective nuclear charge that impedes electron removal.
