Question

Student to attempt either option (A) or (B):
(A) Explain how the interaction between a fig tree and its tight one-to-one relationship with the pollinator species of wasp is one of the best examples of mutualism. 
OR 
(B) Correctly depict (also indicate the trophic level) and describe the ecological pyramid of number with 32 birds dependent on 20 insects feeding on one banyan tree.

Hint:

Mutualism involves reciprocal benefit. The fig-wasp relationship is highly specific. Ecological pyramids of number can be upright or inverted depending on the ecosystem.

Answer 1

(A) Step 1: Mutualism describes an interaction where both participating species benefit.
Step 2: Consider the fig tree and wasp relationship:

• The fig tree's pollination is exclusively performed by a specific wasp species.
• The wasp deposits its eggs within the fig fruits.
• The fig offers sustenance and protection to the wasp larvae.
• Both organisms are interdependent for their survival and reproduction.

Step 3: This exemplifies co-evolved mutualism.

OR

(B) Step 1: An ecological pyramid of numbers illustrates the count of organisms at each trophic level, and in this instance, it is upright.
Step 2: The pyramid's structure is as follows:

Trophic Level	Organisms and Number
Trophic Level 3 (Secondary Consumers)	Birds – 32
Trophic Level 2 (Primary Consumers)	Insects – 20
Trophic Level 1 (Producers)	One Banyan Tree – 1

Step 3:

• The quantity of organisms diminishes from the producer level to the apex consumers.
• A single banyan tree sustains a large insect population, which in turn feeds a greater number of birds.

Consequently, this pyramid illustrates how energy flow sustains distinct populations.