Sterile pyuria describes the combination of leukocytes in the urine with a sterile routine culture, and the explanation lies in organisms or processes that inflame the urinary tract but fail to grow on standard media. The prototypical cause is tuberculosis of the kidney and urinary tract, since the tubercle bacillus requires special media such as Lowenstein-Jensen and will not appear on the agar used for ordinary urine culture, while still recruiting pus cells. Among the other options, chronic hydronephrosis is essentially an obstructive structural problem and does not characteristically produce sterile pyuria. The two paediatric tumours, Wilms' tumour and neuroblastoma, present as palpable abdominal masses and may cause haematuria or systemic features but are not linked to sterile pyuria. Renal tuberculosis is therefore the answer.
\[\boxed{\text{Renal tuberculosis}}\]