Step 1: Vinay and Darbelnet's Theory.
Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet (1958) proposed two translation types: direct and oblique.
Oblique translation is used when a literal correspondence between languages is not possible.
Step 2: Types of Procedures.
Oblique translation procedures include:
- Transposition — change in grammatical category (e.g., noun → verb).
- Modulation — change in viewpoint or expression of an idea.
- Adaptation — cultural substitution to align the text with the target context.
Direct translation procedures are: borrowing, calque, and literal translation.
Step 3: Classification.
- (A) Modulation → Oblique.
- (B) Borrowing → Direct.
- (C) Transposition → Oblique.
- (D) Adaptation → Oblique.
Step 4: Conclusion.
Procedures belonging to oblique translation are A (Modulation), C (Transposition), and D (Adaptation).