Picture the head of the pancreas nestled in the C-loop of the duodenum and then list what lies against its back wall. The posterior surface is crossed by the common bile duct in its groove, and it rests against the inferior vena cava, the right renal vessels, and the right crus of the diaphragm.
The common bile duct, the right crus of the diaphragm, and the inferior vena cava all sit behind the head, so each of these three is a genuine posterior relation. The first part of the duodenum, however, arches over the superior and anterior aspect of the head rather than lying behind it; it is a superior and anterior relation. Since the question demands the structure that is not posterior, the first part of the duodenum is the answer.
\[\boxed{\text{First part of duodenum}}\]