The question asks for the branch of science that enables systems to learn from experience.
(A) Machine Learning (ML): This is the field of study that gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed. ML algorithms build a model based on sample data, known as training data, in order to make predictions or decisions. This perfectly matches the description.
(B) Cloud computing: This is the on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data storage and computing power, without direct active management by the user.
(C) Neural network: This is a specific type of model used within machine learning, inspired by the human brain. It's a tool for machine learning, not the entire branch of science.
(D) Internet of Things (IoT): This is the network of physical objects embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data.
The correct term for the entire field is Machine Learning.